AT   LOS  ANGELES 


OUTLINE  OF  LECTURES 


ON 


AMERICAN  POLITICAL  AND  INSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY 


DURING   THE 


COLONIAL  AND  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIODS, 


WITH  REFERENCES  FOR  COLLATERAL  READING. 


BY 


HERMAN  VANDENBURG  AMES. 


REVISED   EDITION. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

1902. 


COPYRIGHT,  1898,  AND  1902, 

BY 

HERMAN  VANDENBURG  AMES. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE. 


THE  original  edition  of  The  Outline,  while  primarily  intended  for 
use  in  classes  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  found  its  way  into 
the  hands  of  other  teachers  and  private  students,  and  thus  rendered 
another  edition  necessary.     In  the  present  revised  edition  numerous 
changes,  suggested  by  class  use,  have  been  made,  and  several  additional 
sections  have  been  added,  particularly  in  connection  with  the  develop- 
ment of  England's   administration   of  the   Colonies.     To  meet  the 
M     convenience  of  some,  brief  outlines  of  the  history  of  all  the  original 
£»     Colonies  have  been  included,  although  the  chief  emphasis  is  still  laid 
^     upon  the  development  of  certain  typical  Colonies,  with  especial  refer- 
^    ence  to  their  institutional  development.     The  bibliography  has  been 
:-:    selected  with  a  view  to  meet  the  needs  of  a  large  class  in  a  general 
course   on  Colonial   History.     The  secondary  works  best  adapted  to 
that  end  have  been  cited,  with  additional  references  to  some  of  the  more 

«NJ  ' 

^    important  special  histories  and  monographs  or  magazine  articles  of 
value  for  further  study.     Recent  works  have  been  included  in  this 
edition.     With  few  exceptions,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  refer- 
ences to  the  original  sources,  save  to  the  several  convenient  collections 
.    of  documents  and  contemporary  writings.     The  chief  printed  sources 

°  for  the  Colonial  Period  are  found  in  the  British  Calendar  of  State 
Papers  Colonial  (published  to  1692),  and  the  various  Colonial  Records 
and  Archives  published  by  the  several  States.  For  references  to  the 
same,  consult  Channing  and  Hart's  Guide  to  American  History, 

3  §§  28,  29,  and  §§  77-143  in  passim ;  also  the  notes  in  MacDonald's 
Select  Charters.  For  additional  bibliography,  and  full  titles  to  works 
published  prior  to  1896,  consult  also  the  above-mentioned  Guide. 

For  those  that  cannot  have  access  to  a  large  library,  the  following 
works  are  suggested  for  a  brief  course  of  reading  on  the  period  covered 
by  this  Outline :  Secondary  work  :  The  historical  writings  of  John 

(3) 


443152 


.  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

Fiske  (10  vols.),  referred  to  within,  cover  the  entire  period,  with 
exception  of  the  French  and  Indian  Wars.  For  the  latter,  consult 
either  Hinsdale's  Old  Northwest,  or  Sloane's  The  French  War  and 
The  Revolution.  For  a  briefer  course,  read  J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English 
in  America  (3  vols.);  Fiske,  The  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies  (2  vols.); 
Richard  Frothingham,  The  Rise  of  the  Republic.  For  a  description 
of  the  social  conditions  of  each  colony  consult  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  A 
Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  America.  The  above  should 
be  supplemented  by  the  following  collections  of  the  sources  :  William 
MacDonald,  Select  Charters;  Albert  B.  Hart,  History  as  Told  by  Con- 
temporaries, Vols.  I  and  II. 

Abbreviations. — C.  &  H.  Guide  refers  to  Channing  &  Hart's  Guide  to 
American  History  ;  Hart  to  Hart's  History  as  Told  by  Contemporaries  ; 
J.  H.  U.  Studies  to  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  History  and 
Politics ;  O.  S.  Leaflets  to  Old  South  Leaflets ;  Charters  and  Consts.  to 
the  edition  edited  by  Poore  ;  Winsor  to  Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical 
History  of  America.  The  other  abbreviations  are  believed  to  be  self 
explanatory. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


I.    THE  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 
AND  ITS  CONNECTION  WITH  HISTORY. 

"*  Bibliography  :  Channing  &  Hart,  Guide  to  American  History,  sees.  77-78;  Thwaites, 
The  Colonies,  ch.  i;  Channing,  Student's  History  of  the  U.  S.,  1-18;  Shaler,  Nature 
and  Man  in  America,  chs.  vi-viii;  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach  History 
chs.  xv-xvi;  Shaler,  U.  S.  of  Am.,  I,  chs.  i-iii. 

1.  Importance  of  Geography  in  its  Relation  to  History. 

i.    Political  Geography  influenced  by  Physical  Geography. 

2.  Physiography  of  North  America. 

1.  Configuration. 

a.  Form  and  natural  divisions. 

b.  Coast  line. 

c.  River  and  Lake  systems. 

2.  Climate. 

a.  Effect  upon  European  races. 

3.  Resources  and  Products. 

a.  Agricultural. 

b.  Mineral. 

c.  Animal. 

3.  Natural  Conditions  Affecting  Settlement. 

1.  Physical  conditions  which  affected  the  Spanish. 
a.  Why  the  Spanish  were  not  more  successful. 

2.  The  French. 

3.  The  English. 

a.  Seeming  disadvantages  proved  to  be  blessings. 

*  This  star  before  a  group  of  references  indicates  that  one  reference  from  the  group 
is  required. 

(5) 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  6 

4.  Effect  of  Physical  Geography  upon  Subsequent  History. 

1.  Effect  upon  the  Political  Development  of  the  English  Colonies. 

2.  Three  stages  of  settlement  corresponding  to  the  three  great 

physical  divisions. 

a.  First  Period  to  end  of  the  i8th  century. 

b.  Second  Period,  1790-1850. 

c.  Third  Period,  1850  to  present  time. 

3.  Effect  of  certain  products  upon  Political  History. 

a.  Tobacco  and  Cotton,  their  relation  to  the  Slave  Trade. 

4.  Physical  features  which  weakened  the  South  in  the  Civil  War. 

II.    ANTIQUITY  OF  MAN  IN  AMERICA  AND  THE 
NATIVE  RACES. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,   Guide,  sees.  79-80;  Fiske,   Discovery  of  America,  I,  1-19;  Winsor, 
America,  I,  ch.  vi;  Bryant  &  Gay,  United  States,  I,  chs.  i-ii. 

1.  Evidence  of  the  Antiquity  of  Man  in  North  America. 

1.  Recent  discoveries. 

a.  Paleolithic  implements. 

b.  Other  discoveries. 

2.  Opinion  of  Archaeologists. 

3.  Paleolithic  Man:  His  antiquity. 

4.  Conclusions. 

2.  The  Native  Races. 

*  Higginson,  Larger  History,  1-26;  Fiske,  America,  I,  21-51, 125-147;  Nadaillac, 
Prehistoric  America,  ch.  v;  Short,  North  Americans  of  Antiquity,  ch.  vii. 

1.  Theories  as  to  their  origin. 

Bancroft,  U.  S.,  Ill,  307-317;  Morgan,  "  Montezuma's  Dinner,"  No.  Am.  Rev. 
CXXII,  265;  Fiske,  I,  24-38. 

2.  Stages  of  development. 

Morgan,  Ancient  Society,  and  Houses  and  House  Life,  ch.  X. 

a.  Different  theories. 

b.  Evidence. 

3.  Relation  with  European  Colonists. 

a.  Effect  upon  the  Colonists. 

b.  Effect  upon  the  Indians. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  7 

4.    Estimate  of  their  number. 

Bancroft,  III,  251-253. 

III.    PRE-COLUMBIAN  EXPLORERS. 

"*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  81;  Fiske,  America,  I,  ch.  ii;  Winsor,  America,  I,  ch.  ii; 
Bryant  &  Gay,  U.  S.,  I,  ch.  iii-iv;  Weise,  Discoveries  of  America  to  1525,  21-50; 
Payne,  History  of  America,  I,  94-106. 

1.  Various  Legends  and  Traditions. 

1.  Buddhist  Priests:  The  Fusang  Story.     458. 

Mag.  of  Am.  Hist.  XXVII,  30. 

2.  Arabians  in  the  Xlth  century. 
Winsor,  I,  72. 

3.  Irish  legend:  Vllth  century. 

4.  Welsh  legend:  1170. 

Bowen,  America  Discovered  by  the  Welsh. 

2.  The  Norse  Discovery  :  1000. 

Higginson,  27-52;  Slafter,  Voyages  of  the  Northmen. 

1.  Physical  and  Historical  conditions  which  make  such  a  discov- 

ery probable. 

2.  The  testimony  of  the  Sagas. 

*Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  3;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  31;  Hart,  History  by 
Contemporaries,  I,  No.  16. 

a.  Credibility  of  their  evidence. 

Fiske,  I,  164;  Winsor,  I,  61-69. 

b.  Why  unknown  to  the  rest  of  Europe. 

c.  Conclusions. 

3.  Later  Possible  Voyages. 

1.  The  Zeni  Brothers,  1380-1390. 

Bryant  &  Gay,  I,  76-85;  Fiske,  I,  226-239;  Winsor,  I,  111-115;  Lucas, 
Voyages  of  Nicolo  and  Antonio  Zeno. 

2.  Fisherman. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  8 

IV.    GENERAL  CAUSES  OPENING  THE  WESTERN 
HEMISPHERE  TO  EUROPE. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  81;  Thwaites,  ch.  ii;  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Am.,  I,  ch.  iii;  Payne, 
Hist,  of  Am.,  23-72;  Winsor,  America,  I,  ch.  i;  Jacobs,  The  Story  of  Geographic 
Discovery.  Maps:  Fiske,  I,  265,  304,  356,  357;  II,  114,  125,  147,  153;  Winsor,  II, 
103, 104,  112,  126,  165,  177,  180. 

1.  Ancient  and  Mediaeval  Ideas  of  Cosmography. 

1.  Different  theories. 

a.  Continental:  Ptolemy's  World. 

b.  Oceanic  theory:  Eratosthenes. 

c.  Sphericity  of  the  Earth:  Aristotle,  Strabo,  Roger  Bacon. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  No.  30. 

2.  Geographers  and  Cartographers  of  the  XV.  Century. 

a.  Toscanelli's  Map:  1474.     Its  connection  with  the  Discovery 
of  America.     Genuineness  doubted. 

Fiske,  I,  356;  Payne,  112-115;  Vignaud,  La  Lettre  et  La  Carte  de  Tos- 
canelli. 

b.  Behaim's  Globe.     1492. 

Winsor,  America,  II,  104;  or,  Winsor,  Columbus,  186-190. 

2.  General  Situation  in  Europe  at  the  Close  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

1.  The  "  Renaissance." 

a.  Its  nature:  a  general  awakening. 

b.  Its  antecedents  and  causes. 

i.  Connection  with  the  Crusades. 

c.  Different  phases:  "  Discovery  of  Man,"  "Discovery  of  the 

World." 

2.  Commercial  and  Maritime  Activity:  One  phase  of  the  Renais- 

sance. 

a.  Rendered  possible,  by  improvements  and  inventions, 
i.  Compass  and  astrolabe. 

Winsor,  II,  94-98. 

b.  Special  Causes:  Commercial  conditions, 
i.  Relation  of  Europe  with  the  East. 

a.  Central  Asia  opened  to  Europe:    XII.  to  XIV.  Cen- 
turies. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  9 

1.  The  Mogul  conquest  and  its  results. 

2.  Marco  Polo  and  other  travelers'  reports. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  No.  32;  New  Eng.  Mag.,  Aug.,  '92;  Harper's 
Mag.,  XLVI,  i;  Yule,  Marco  Polo;  Weise,  ch.  ii. 

3.  Character  and  extent  of  trade:  oriental  products  a 

necessity  to  the  West. 

b.  Communication  overland  cut  off:  closing  of  the  old 
routes. 

1.  Restoration  of  Native  Dynasty  in  China.     1368. 

2.  Capture  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks.     1453. 
3.    Search  for  an  "outside"  route  to  "  Cathay." 

Fiske,  I,  316-334. 

a.  Portuguese  Activity. 

1.  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  (1394-1463),  and  his  suc- 

cessors. 

Beazley,  or  Major's,  Henry  the  Navigator. 

2.  The  rediscovery  of  the  Islands  in  the  Atlantic. 

3.  Voyages  along  the  coast  of  Africa. 

Fiske,  I,  324. 

a.  Relation  of  these  voyages  to  Columbus'  plans  and  the 
discovery  of  America. 

b.  The  successful  voyage  of  Vasco  da  Gama,  1497. 

4.  Other  voyages:    Cousin,    1488;   Cabral,   1500;  Cortereal, 

1501. 

Fiske,  II,  18-22,  96. 

b.  Activity  of  Other  European  Nations:  Spain,  England. 

V.    COLUMBUS  AND  THE  NAMING  OF  AMERICA. 

Christopher  Columbus. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  82-83;  Fiske,  America,  I,  ch.  v,  Bryant  & 
Gay,  I,  ch.  vi;  Weise,  chs.  iii,  iv;  Payne,  America,  uSetseq.; 
Adams,  Markham  or  Winsor's  Life  of  Columbus.  Lummis, 
Spanish  Pioneers,  chs.  ii-iv;  Mag.  of  Am.  Hist.,  XXVI,  241; 
XXVII,  i,  98. 

1.  Early  career  and  preparation  for  his  work. 

2.  His  ideas  as  to  cosmography. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  IO 

3.  Attempts  to  gain  a  patron. 

a.  Experience  in  Portugal. 

b.  Assistance  from  Spain :  Terms  of  contract. 

Fiske,  I,  417. 

4.  His  First  Voyage. 

a.  Discovery  made. 

*  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  i;  Hart,  I,  No.  17;  O.  S.  Leaflets,  Nos.  29, 33. 

b.  The  effect  upon  Europe. 

1.  Spanish  activity:  exploration  and  colonization. 

2.  English  activity:  Voyages  of  the  Cabots.  (See  post,  p.  12.) 

5.  Estimate  of  Columbus'  work  and  character. 

a.  The  Naming  of  America. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  84;  Fiske,  II,  129-145;  Payne,  202-210; 
Winsor,  America,  II,  ch.  ii;  Harper's  Mag.,  Oct.,  1892. 

1.  Americus  Vespucius  of  Florence. 

a.  His  voyages  to  the  "New  World:"  Doubtful  and  authentic. 

Fiske,  II,  71-107. 

b.  Letters  to  Lorenzo  de  Medici. 

Fiske,  II,  108-112. 

2.  The  Origin  of  the  Name  America. 

a.  Meaning  of  the  phrase  "  New  World." 

b.  Waldseemuller's    u  Cosmographiae    Introductio,"    and    its 

proposal,  1507. 

Hart,  I,  No.  20. 

c.  The  extension  of  the  name  to  the  entire  continent. 

d.  Americus  exonerated  of  any  attempt  to  supplant  Columbus. 


VI.   WHERE  EUROPEAN  NATIONS  PLANTED  THEIR 
INSTITUTIONS. 

A  Summary  of  the  Results  of  Exploration  and  Settlement  by  the 
leading  European  Nations  at  the  opening  of  the  XVII  Century. 

*Channing,  Student's  History,  ch.  i;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  ch. 
ii;  Toner,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1895,  515-557. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  XI 

I.  BASIS  FOR  THE  DETERMINATION  OF  OWNERSHIP  OF  NEWLY 
DISCOVERED  LANDS. 

i.   Priority  of  discovery.     2.  Exploration.      3.  Consummated  by 
possession  and  settlement. 

Story,  Commentaries,  \\  1-37. 

II.  CLAIMS  OF  EUROPEAN  NATIONS  AT  THE  OPENING  OF  THE 
XVII.  CENTURY. 

Spain:  Summary  of  Her  Claims. 

1.  By  virtue  of  the  Bull  of  Alexander  VI,  of  1493,  and  the  Con- 

vention of  Tordesillas,  1494. 

Hart,  I,  No.   18;  Weise,  ch.   v;  Harrisse,  The   Diplomatic  History  of 
America;  Bourne,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1891,  101-130. 

a.  Papal  title  repudiated  by  France  and  England. 

Payne,  243-46. 

2.  Priority  of  Discovery  and  Exploration. 

*C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  82-86;  Higginson,  Larger  History,  ch.  iii;  Bryant 
&  Gay,  I,  ch.  vii;  Lummis,  Spanish  Pioneers,  ch.  vi-vii;  Morris, 
Hist,  of  Colonization,  I,  230-259. 

a.  Columbus'  and  his  Followers'  Voyages.     1492-1512. 

b.  Discovery  of  the  Pacific:  Balboa,  1513. 

c.  Florida:  Ponce  de  I^eon,  1513,  1521. 

d.  Conquest  of  Mexico:  Cortez,  1519-21. 

e.  Circumnavigation  of  the  Globe:  Magellan,  1520. 

Winsor,  America,  II,  ch.  ix;  Fiske,  II,  191-210. 

f.  Atlantic  Coast:  Gomez,  1524;  De  Ayllon,  1526. 

g.  Expeditions  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Southwest: 

1.  Wanderings  of  Cabeza-de-Vaca,  1527-36. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  39;  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1894,  83. 

2.  Coranado's  expedition,  1540-42. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  13;  Hart,  I,  No.  24. 

3.  De  Soto's  expedition,  1539-43. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  No.  36;  Hart,  I,  No.  23. 

h.  Conquest  of  South  America. 

Moses,  The  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America,  chs.  iii-x ; 
Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru;  Morris,  I,  244-259. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  I2 

3.  By  virtue  of  settlement. 

i.  Permanent  Colonies  and  Sphere  of  Influence. 

a.  St.  Augustine,   1565,  and  Santa  Fe\  1580,  only  Spanish 
settlements  within  the  present  limits  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Spanish  rule  in  America. 

Moses,  chs.  i,  ii,  xi,  xii;  Blackmar,  in  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  viii,  No.  4. 

?.  France:  Summary  of  Her  Claims. 

1.  Discovery  and  exploration. 

*  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  87-88;  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  I,  82-98; 

Bryant  &  Gay,  I,  ch.  viii;  Higginson,  Larger  History,  ch.  v;  Payne, 
246-247,  257-266.  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World. 

a.  Verrazano's  voyage,  1524. 

Hart,  I,  No.  34;  O.  S.  Leaf.,  No.  17;  Winsor,  America,  IV,  26;  Mag. 
of  Amer.  Hist.,  II,  449 ;  Fiske,  Dutch  &  Quaker  Colonies,  I,  58-68. 

b.  Cartier  voyages,  i534-*535- 

Hart,  I,  No.  35. 

2.  By  attempted  colonization. 

a.  In  Florida  by  Huguenots,  1562-65. 

Parkman,  Pioneers,  32-47, 96-130;  Bryant  &  Gay,  I,  ch.  ix;  Higginson, 
Explorers,  143-166. 

3.  Results:  No  Colonies  at  the  opening  of  the  Century. 

a.  Reasons  for  failure:  Hostility  of  the  Spanish;  Civil  and  Re- 

ligious Wars  in  France. 

b.  Significance  of  failure. 

.3.  England  :  Summary  of  Her  Claims. 

i.    By  Virtue  of  Discovery  and  Exploration. 

C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  92-96;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  ch.  i. 

a.  The  Cabot  Voyages,  1497-1498. 

*  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Am.,  II,  1-22;  Weare,  Cabot's  Dis.  of  Am.;  Winsor, 
Am.,  Ill,  1-7;  New  Eng.  Mag.,  Feb.,  1898;  Hart,  I,  Nos.  26,  48; 
Am.  Hist.  Leaf.,  No.  9. 

i.  Various  problems  of  these  voyages:  Latest  evidence. 

Winship,  Cabot  Bibliography;  Dawson,  The  Voyages  of  the  Cabots; 
Harrise,  John  Cabot;  Tarducci,  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot. 

b.  The  English  Seamen. 

C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  93;  Higginson,  Larger  History,  ch.  iv;  Froude, 
English  Se  men  of  the  XVI.  Century;  Payne,  Voyages  of  Eliza- 
bethan Seamen;  Payne,  Select  Narratives  from  Hakluyt 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  I^ 

1.  John  Hawkins,  1562-67. 

Hart,  I,  No.  29;  Winsor,  III,  60-64. 

2.  Francis  Drake,  1570-80. 

Hart,  I,  No.  30;  Corbett's  Drake;  Winsor,  Am.  Ill,  65-73. 

2.  By  attempted  colonization. 

a.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  and  his  Patent,  1578-83. 

Higginson,  Explorers,  169-174;  Hazard,  Historical  Collections,  I,  24. 

b.  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  1584-90. 

ft 

Hume,  Ralegh,  chs.  iv-v;  Winsor,  America,  III,  ch.  iv. 

1.  Charter,  1584. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  II.  1379;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  71. 

2.  Colonies:  Roanoke,  "  The  Lost  Colony, "  1584-87. 

Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Papers,  V,  Pt.  iv,  107. 

3.  Results  no  colonies  at  the  opening  of  the  Century. 
a.  Reasons  for  failure. 

1.  Left  to  individual  enterprise  of  subjects. 

2.  Fear  of  Spanish  invasion  of  England. 

4.  Situation  at  the  Opening  of  the  XVII.  Century. 

1.  Causes  for  the  revival  of  interest  in  colonization. 
a.  By  the  French,     b.  By  the  English. 

2.  Cause  for  the  cessation  of  Spanish  activity  in  colonization  after 

1570. 

5.  Effect  of  the  New  World  upon  the  Old  World. 

Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  ch.  v. 

VII.   ENGLISH  COLONIZATION. 

"The  Expansion  of  England."  The  transplanting  of  Englishmen 
and  English  Institutions  in  the  New  World.  The  Development  of 
English  Institutions  into  American  Institutions. 

i.  Continuity  of  History. 

1.  In  General. 

2.  Illustrated  in  the  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  America. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  !4 

2.  The  Political  Heritage. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  146;  Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth  of  the 
English  Const.,  1-17;  Crane  &  Moses,  Politics,  82-91;  Stevens, 
Sources  of  the  Const,  of  the  U.  S.,  1-9;  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist,  of 
Eng.,  Ill,  ch.  xxi;  Ashley,  The  Amer.  Federal  State,  31-41; 
Hosmer,  Anglo-Saxon  Freedom;  Montague,  Elements  of  Eng. 
Const.  History;  Medley,  Manual  of  Eng.  Const.  History. 

1.  The  chief  elements  of  the  English  Government  in  the  XVII. 

Century. 

a.  Constitutional  development  in  England. 

1.  The  Representative  system:  An  Anglo-Saxon  institution. 

Fiske,  Am.  Political  Ideas,  ch.  ii;  Fiske,  Beg.  of  New  England,  1-49. 

2.  Growth  of  the  system. 

Hosmer,  chs.  iv-vii. 

3.  Its  continuous  existence  on  English  soil. 

b.  Local    Government :    The    Germ    of    the    Representative 

System. 

Charming,  Town  and  County  Government,  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  II, 
439-453;  Howard,  Local  Const'al  Hist,  31-49;  McMaster,  in 
Shaler's  U.  S.,  II,  475,  476;  Morey,  Annals  of  Political  Science, 
VI,  207-211;  Medley,  360-384. 

1.  Parish  or  Township:  Open  Vestry:  Select  or  Close  Vestry. 

2.  Boroughs. 

3.  The  Hundred. 

4.  County  System,  or  Shire. 

5.  Connection  with  the  Central  Government. 

c.  The  National  Government. 

1.  A  single  executive:  The  King:  The  Council. 

2.  A   bi-cameral   legislative  body:    Parliament,    House   of 

Lords,   House   of  Commons:    Rights  of  Parliament: 
Franchise. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  Ill,  469  et  seq;  Medley,  chs.  iii-v. 

3.  The  Judicial  System. 

Medley,  ch.  vii. 

2.  "  The  Rights  of  Englishmen." 

i.  Rights  guaranteed  by  Magna  Charta  and  the  Common  Law. 
Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  i-iv. 

a.  Freedom  from  arbitrary  arrest. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  !«- 

b.  Speedy  trial :  Trial  by  Jury. 

c.  No  taxation  except  by  vote  of  Parliament 

d.  A  share  in  their  own  government 

3.  The  Influence  of  the  Reformation  upon  the  Political  Develop- 

ment. 

1.  Freedom'  of  Conscience. 

Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  Eng.,  58,  59. 

2.  Importance  of  the  Individual. 

Scott,  Development  of  Liberty,  24-26,  298-302. 

3.  Its  Democratic  tendencies. 

4.  Political  Significance  of  the  fact  of  Colonization  in  the  XVII. 

Century,  The  Period  of  Political  Ferment  in  England, 
i.  Effect  of  the  contest  for  English  Free  Institutions  in  the 
Old  World  upon  the  New  World. 

3.  Social,  Industrial  and  Religious  Situation  in  England  at  the  Open- 
ing of  the  XVII.  Century. 

*  Cheyney,  Industrial  and  Social  History  of  England,  chs.  vi,  vii; 
Prothero,  Select  Statutes  and  Documents. 

1.  Social  Condition. 

a.  Class  Divisions  and  Distinctions. 

*  Hart,  I,  No.  44. 

2.  Industrial  Conditions. 

a.  Problems  of  over-population. 

1.  Chief  causes:  Transition  period.     Decline  of  agriculture 

and  increase  of  wool  growing. 

2.  Attempted  remedies  by  legislation. 

Poor  laws,  Prothero,  41,  45,  67,  72,  96,  100,  103,  253,  271;  Acts  for 
Maintenance  of  Husbandry,  ibid.,  93,  95,  96. 

b.  Material  for  colonization. 

Bruce.  Economic  Hist,  of  Virginia,  I,  59,  60,  576-584. 

3.  The  Religious  Situation.  . 

Post,  p. 

a.  The  Established  Church. 

b.  The  growth  of  dissent. 

c.  The  attitude  of  the  Government. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  jfc 

4.  Motives  which  actuated  the  English  in  their  Colonizing  Enter- 
prises. 

*  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  44-60;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation, 

74;  Bruce,  Economic  Hist,  of  Virginia,  I,  ch.  i;  Hart,  I,  Nos.  45- 
49;  Neill,  Virginia  and  Virginiola. 

1.  Various  incentives. 

a.  Patriotic:  Rivalry  with  Spain. 

b.  Cupidity,     c.  Adventure,     d.  Economic  and   Political  dis- 

content,      e.    Religious    oppression,      f.    Northwest 
passage. 

2.  Comparison  with  the  motives  of  the  Spanish  and  French. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  19,  40. 

VIII.    VIRGINIA,  A  TYPE  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  COLONY. 
PERIOD  OF  COLONIZATION. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  97;  Thwaites,  ch.  iv. 

1.  The  London  and  Plymouth  Companies. 

Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  60-79. 

1.  Origin  and  nature:  Trading  corporations  or  joint  stock  com- 

panies: Precedents. 

Osgood,  Pol.  Sc.    Quar.   XI,  264-273;  Morey,  Annals,  I,  535-544; 
Cawston  &  Keane,  Early  Chartered  Companies,  ch.  i-vi. 

2.  Purpose:  Inducements  to  colonization. 

Bruce  &  Eggleston,  as  above. 

3.  Influence  of  these  companies. 

2.  The  London  Company:  A  Chartered  Commercial  Company. 

*  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  I,  108-12,  125-28,  136-42,  156-66,  175-83; 

Eggleston,  Bk.  I,  ch.  ii;  Winsor,  America,  III,  127-53;  Fiske,  Old 
Virginia,  I,  chs.  iii-vi;  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  XIV,  263-267;  Neill, 
The  Virginia  Company;  Cooke,  Virginia;  Brown,  The  First  Re- 
public in  America;  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  U.  S.  (for  documents); 
Willis,  in  Trans,  of  Royal  Hist.  Soc.,  X  (N.  S.),  59-71. 

i.    The  First  Charter.     1606-1609.  . 

Poore,  Charters  &  Consts.,  II,  1888;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  i. 

a.  Parties  to  the  charter. 

b.  Territory. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  16. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  jy 

c.  Governmental  power. 

d.  Guarantee  of  the  rights  of  the  Colonists. 

e.  Settlement  at  Jamestown,  1607. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  62,  63;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  Nos.  27,  28. 

f.  Capt.  John  Smith:  Estimate  of  his  work  and  writings. 

Favorable. 

Fiske,  Old  Va.,  I,  chs.  iii-iv. 

Unfavorable. 

Brown,  The  First  Republic  in  America. 
General  criticism. 

Eggleston,  Beg.  of  A  Nation,  31-38;  Winsor,  III,  161. 

The  Second  Charter.     1608-1612. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  II,  1893;  MacDonald,  n. 

a.  Why  granted  ? 

b.  New  boundaries  and  their  interpretation. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  16;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  73-78;  Fiske, 
I,  144-45- 

c.  King  yields  power  to  the  Council:  Importance. 

d.  The  fortunes  of  the  Colony:  Dale's  "Blue  Laws,"  1611. 

Fiske,  I,  163-167;  Bryant  &  Gay,  I,  300;  Force,  Tracts,  III;  Price, 
in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Repts.,  1899,  311-363. 

e.  Introduction  of  tobacco  culture:  effect. 

Hart,  I,  No.  83;  Fiske,  I,  174-1775  Eggleston,  84-85. 
The  Third  Charter.     1612-1624. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  II,  1902;  MacDonald,  17. 

a.  Changes   effected   by   the   new   charter:    The  stockholders 

secure  complete  jurisdiction. 

Fiske,  I,  177-79.  185-89. 

b.  New  land  tenure:  in  severalty:  good  effect. 

c.  Condition  of  the  colony  under  the  absolute  rule  of  the  Com- 

pany. 

d.  The  Liberal  element  gain  control  in  England:  The  Era  of 

Political  Development. 

i.  The  Great  Charter  of  Nov.  13,  1618,  and  the  Ordinance 
of  July  24,  1621. 
MacDonald,  34;  Brown,  First  Republic,  293,  329;  Preston,  32. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  jg 

2.  Gov.  Yeardley  and  "The  House  of  Burgesses:"  The 
inauguration  of  representative  government  in  Amer- 
ica. 1619. 

Henry,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1893,  301-316;  Chandler,  in  J. 
H.  Univ.  Studies,  XIV,  268-273;  Brown,  First  Republic,  242-243} 
249-251,  266,  293,  309-310,  313-332;  Winsor,  Amer.  Ill,  142-145. 

a.  Composition  of  the  Assembly. 

b.  Proceedings  and  influence. 

Hart,  I,  No.  65. 

c.  The  position  of  Governor  and  character  of  Government 

Kaye,  The  Colonial  Executive,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XVIII,  267-279. 

4.  The  Labor  System:  Forced  Labor. 

a.  Indentured  servants:  effect. 

Bruce,  I,  241  et  seq;  Neill,  160,  161. 

b.  Introduction  of  Negro  Slavery,  1619:  effect. 

5.  Introduction  of  Family  Life,  its  effect. 

Eggleston,  57-58,  72;  Neill,  245-247;  Bruce,  613-618. 

6.  Overthrow  of  the  Company. 

Fiske,  I,  238-241;  Eggleston,  86-89,  91-94. 

a.  Causes  :    Factions   in   Company  :    Hostility   of   the  King: 

"Seminary  of  Sedition." 

b.  Charges  against  the  Company  and  its  defence. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  66,  67. 

c.  Commission  of  Inquiry  appointed,  1623. 

Hazard,  I,  155. 

d.  Petitions  of  the  Virginia  Assembly,  1823-24. 

Neill,  407-411. 

e.  Virginia  Company  and  the  House  of  Commons. 

Va.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  VI,  382-384. 

f.  Charter  annulled  by  writ  of  quo  warranto,  1624. 

g.  Commission  for  Managing  of  Virginia,  1624. 

Va.  Mag.  of  Hist,  VII,  40-43;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  I,  62. 
h.   Effect  upon  the  Colouy. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  !O 

IX.    VIRGINIA:  SECOND  STAGE:  A  ROYAL  PROVINCE. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  98,  99;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  ch.  vii,  II,  chs.  x-xii;  Doyle, 
I,  chs.  vii-ix,  esp.  185-201,  207,  208,  212-266;  Neill,  Virginia  Carolorum. 

A.  Political  Relations  with  the  English  Government  to  the  Middle 

of  the  XVIII  Century. 

B.  Development  of  Domestic  Institutions:  1624-1750. 

A.  Political  Relations  with  England:  1624-1700. 
I.  Sub- Periods: 

a.  1624-1649.  Period   of  little   interference  and  of  continued 

growth. 

b.  1649-1660:  Under  the   Commonwealth:  Practically   a  self- 

governing  commonwealth:  Rapid  advance. 

c.  1660-1677:  After   the   Restoration:   Political   Reaction   and 

Tyranny. 

d.  1677-1700:  Quarrels  with  the  Royal  Governors.     Stagnation. 

e.  1700-1750:  Royal  Government  and  its  normal  results. 

1.  The  Political  Situation  at  Accession  of  Charles  I. 

1.  The  Colonists  claim  the  "Rights  of  Englishmen." 

2.  The  Proclamation  of  the  King,  announcing  policy  of  direct 

government. 

Hazard,  I,  203-205;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  I,  73;  Neill,  Va.  Carolorum, 
10-13. 

3.  The  meeting  of  the  Assembly  permitted  by  the  King: 

a.  As  he  desires  monopoly  of  the  Tobacco  trade. 

Neill,  47-55- 

b.  Assembly  refuse  to  grant  his  request,  but  precedent  for  their 

rights  established. 

4.  The  Constitution  of  a  Royal  Province. 

2.  Period  of  little  interference  and  continued  growth.     1624-1649. 

1.  Governor  Harvey's  Administration.     1629-39. 

Fiske,  I,  293-299;  Doyle,  I,  194-198. 

a.  Quarrel  with  the  Burgesses:  "The  first  American  Revolu- 
tion." 

2.  Governor  Berkeley's  First  Administration:  1642-52. 
a.  His  instructions,     b.  Treatment  of  the  Puritans. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  2O 

3.  The  Relations  of  the  Colony  to  the  Commonwealth.     1649-1660. 

Doyle,  I,  ch.  viii;  Fiske,  II,  ch.  x;  "Leah  and  Rachel,"  Lib.  of 
Am.  Lit.  I,  343;  Neill,  Va.  Carolorum,  ch.  vii. 

1.  Attitude  of  Virginia  toward  the  Puritan  Revolution. 

a.  Appeal  of  Gov.  Berkeley. 

Hart,  I,  No.  68. 

b.  An  asylum  for  the  Cavaliers:  Results,  immediate  and  remote. 

2.  Surrender  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Long  Parliament 

Hart,  I.  No.  69;  Neill,  220-223. 

3.  Self- Government  acquired  and  maintained. 

a.  The  Assembly  elects  Governor  and  Council,  and  removes 

the  same. 

b.  Attempt  to  restrict  the  suffrage  fails.     u  Hard  and  unagree- 

able to  reason  that  any  shall  pay  equal  taxes  and  not 
have  a  voice  in  elections."     1655. 

4.  The  Navigation  Acts. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  19;  MacDonald,  106,  119,  133,  168;  Beer, 
Commercial  Policy  of  England  toward  the  American  Colonies, 
chs.  i-iii;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  45-51;  Eggleston,  in  The  Cen- 
tury, VI,  251-254. 

1.  Inauguration  of  the  policy:  First  measures:  Under  the  Com- 

monwealth: Under  Charles  II. ;  Acts  of  1660,  1663,1672. 

2.  Effect  upon  the  Colonists. 

a.  In  general. 

b.  In  Virginia:  Berkeley's  complaint. 

Hart,  I,  240. 

3.  Early  acts  not  strictly  enforced. 

5.  The    Colony    after    the    Restoration :    1660-1677.     Reaction    and 

Tyranny. 

Doyle,  I,  230-257;  Fiske,  II,  ch,  xi. 

I.    Gov.  Berkeley's  Second  Administration.     1658-1677. 

Neill,  268-292. 

a.  Legal  relations  with  the  English  Government, 
i.  Report  to  the  Lords  of  Trade.     1671. 

Hart,  I,  No.  70;  Neill,  330-338. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  3I 

b.  Political  Reaction. 

1.  In  the  Central  Government. 

a.  Arbitrary  power  of  the  Governor. 

b.  The  Long  Assembly,  1661-1676. 

c.  Restriction  of  the  suffrage,  1670. 

2.  In  the  Local  Government. 

a.  Close  Vestry  in  the  Parishes,  1662. 

b.  County  Courts,  appointive  and  "aristocratic. 

3.  Economic  Tyranny. 

a.  The  Culpepper- Arlington  Grant,  1673. 

c.  Bacon's  Rebellion.     1676-1677. 

Neill,  345-370;  Kggleston,  in  Century,  XVIII,  418. 

1.  Causes:  Political  and  Economic  Tyranny. 

2.  Immediate  Occasion:  Berkeley's  Indian  Policy. 

3.  Proclamations  of  Berkeley  and  Bacon. 

Lib.  of  Am.  Lit.,  I,  445-465. 

4.  Course  and  End  of  the  Contest. 

Hart,  I,  No.  71;  Colonial  Tracts,  Nos.  8-10. 

5.  Social  and  Constitutional  Reforms  of  Bacon's  Assembly, 

1676. 

6.  Royal  Commission  of  Inquiry.     Summary  of  the  Griev- 

ances of  the  various  Counties. 

Va.  Mag.  of  History,  esp.  vols.  II,  III,  in  passim  (documents). 

7.  Results. 

a.  Some  reforms. 

b.  Restrictions  upon  the  Assembly. 

c.  The  proposed  new  charter  lost. 

Neill,  382,  383. 

6.  The   Colony  under   Royal   Governors.     1677-1700.     Quarrels  be- 
tween the  Assembly  and  the  Governors. 

Fiske,  II,  108-123;  Doyle,  I,  259-268. 

1.  Culpepper's  Administration:  1680-84. 
a.  Tobacco-cutting  Riots.     1682. 

2.  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham. 

a.  Resident  Governor.     Quarrel  with  Assembly. 

b.  Non-resident  Governor. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  33 

3.    Nicholson  and  Andros.     1688-1705. 
Hart,  II,  No.  33. 

a.  Assembly  refuse   to  appropriate   money   unless   their  own 

Treasurer  expends  it. 

b.  Removal  of  the  Capital  to  Williamsburg. 

c.  Nicholson  plan  for  union  and  taxation  of  the  Colonies. 

Fiske,  II,  129,  130. 

Royal  Government  to  1750. 
Fiske,  II,  ch.  xvii. 

1.  The  Administration  of  Gov.  Spotswood,  1710-1722. 

a.  Ability,  and  activity. 

b.  Disputes  with  Assembly. 

c.  His   correspondence  and  recommendations  to  the  English 

Government. 

d.  Created  Postmaster  General. 

2.  Later  Governors. 

a.  Hugh  Drysdale,  1722-26. 

b.  William  Gooch,  1727-1749. 

c.  Robert  Dinwidddie,  1751-1758. 

3.  The  Expansion  of  Virginia. 

a.  Spotswood  explores  the  Blue  Ridge,  1716. 

b.  The  coming  of  the  Scotch-Irish  and  the  Germans. 

c.  The  settlement  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  1730-. 

d.  Contrast  of  the  Tidewater  with  Western  Counties. 


X.    VIRGINIA.     1624-1750. 

B.  Development  of  Domestic  Institutions. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  148;  Thwaites,  chs.  iv,  v;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  ch.  vii; 
II,  ch.xiv;  Doyle,  I,  ch.  xiii;  Lodge,  Eng.  Colonies,  ch.  ii;  Henry,  in  Am.  Hist 
Assoc.  Reports,  1891,  18-29. 

i.  Social  and  Industrial  Systems. 

Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia. 

i.   Social  Grades  and  Classes. 

Eggleston,  Transit  of  Civilization,  284-288. 
a.  Tendency  of  these  distinctions. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  33 

b.  Plantation  life. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  87,  88;  II,  No.  82;  Woodrow  Wilson,  Geo.  Washing- 
ton, ch.  i. 

2.  Classes  of  I/aborers. 

Bruce,  I,  ch.  ix;  II,  chs.  x-xi;  Eggleston,  in  The  Century,  VI,  853- 
871;  Ballagh,  White  Servitude  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia,  J.  H. 
Univ.  Studies,  XIII,  Nos.  vi-vii,  p.  299;  Ballagh,  Hist,  of  Slavery 
in  Virginia;  Eggleston,  Transit,  etc.,  293-305;  Neill,  Va.  Carol- 
orum,  34-36,  54-59,  277,  278,  295;  Butler,  in  Am.  Historical  Rev., 
II,  12;  Fiske.  I,  188,  229;  II,  176-202;  Doyle,  I,  382-391;  Hart,  II, 
No.  107. 

a.  Indented  Servants.     "  Redemptioners." 

1.  Cause  of  their  presence  in  large  numbers. 

2.  Terms  of  service,  and  their  condition. 

b.  Negro  Slaves. 

1.  Introduction. 

2.  Growth  of  system.     Causes. 

3.  Industrial   Pursuits   of    the   Southern   Colonies  illustrated  in 

Virginia. 

Bruce,  in  passim,  esp.  II,  chs.  xii-xiii;  Eggleston,  in  The  Century, 
V,  431;  Lib.  of  Am.  Lit.,  II,  265,  279,  306;  Hart,  I,  Nos.  87-88. 

a.  Agriculture. 

b.  Some  Commerce. 

c.  L/ittle  Manufacturing. 

4.  Results  of  Industrial  System. 

a.  Economic. 

b.  Social. 

c.  Political. 

d.  Moral. 

e.  Educational. 

a.  Political  Institutions, 
i.    Local  Government. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  147;  Channing,  Town  and  County  Govt., 
J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  11,474-489;  Howard,  Local  Government,  117- 
124,  388-407;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  28-44,  98-99;  Fiske,  Civil 
Govt.,  57-67;  McMaster,  in  Shaler's  U.  S..  II,  475-479;  Taylor, 
English  Const.,  27-40,  35-39;  Henry,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report, 
1891,  23-26;  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  III,  152  et  seq. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY. 

a.  The  English  Parish. 

b.  Reasons   for   the   development   of  the   Parish  and  County 

System. 

c.  The  Vestry:  open  vestry  becomes  a  close  vestry. 

Fiske,  II,  98. 

1.  Powers  and  functions. 

2.  Contrasted  with  South  Carolina  Vestry. 

d.  Few  towns:  Attempts  to  establish  them  by  legislation. 

Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  211-213. 

e.  The  County. 

1.  The  unit  of  representation  for  the  Assembly. 

2.  How   the   power  passed  into   the   control   of  the  great 

planters. 

3.  The  County-seat,  or  "  Court- House." 

4.  Powers  of  the  Court:  administrative  as  well  as  judicial. 

5.  Officers  of  the  County:  Sheriff:  County- lieutenant. 

f.  The  results  of  the  system. 

1.  Aristocratic  tendency. 

2.  Contrasted  with  the  local  government  of  New  England. 
2.    Colonial  Government. 

a.  Gradual  separation  of  the  functions  of  government. 

b.  Executive  and  Administrative. 

1.  Vested  in  Governor  and  Council. 

2.  Source  and  extent  of  authority. 

c.  Legislation. 

Chandler,  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  XIV,  268-273. 

1.  The  Law-making  power. 

2.  Representative  system  retained  and  developed. 
a.  Bi-cameral  system  introduced  in  1680. 

3.  Assembly   asserts   its  exclusive   right   over   taxation  in 

1623,  1631,   1632,   1642,   1645,  ^S1)  1666,  and  main- 
tains it  to  1765. 

Henry,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Reports,  1893,  315. 

4.  Franchise:  Attempts  to  restrict  suffrage  fail  until  1670, 

when  freeholders  alone  qualified. 
Chandler,  in  J.  H.  U.  Studies;  XIX,  279-287. 

5.  Assembly  dispute  the  use  of  the  veto  power. 


V 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  35 

d.  Judicial  Power. 

I.  Development  of  the  Judiciary. 

a.  Monthly  Courts,  1628:  Justices  of  the  Peace. 

b.  Shire  Courts,  1634. 

c.  Fusion  of  the  two  into  County  Court,  1642. 

i.  It  absorbed  all  local  power  except  in  ecclesiastical 
matters. 

d.  Superior  Court  of  Judicature:  Governor  and  Council. 

e.  Appeal  to  Privy  Council  in  England. 
f.  Peculiar  laws  and  punishments. 

Religious  and  Educational  Institutions. 

Cobb,  The  Rise  of  Religious  Liberty  in  America,  74-115:  Neill,  V«. 
Caro.,  165-168,  198-203,  285,  292,  296-303;  Eggleston,  Transit,  etc., 
ch.  iv  in  passim;  Fiske,  II,  116-117,  "3-i29i  245-254,  261-263. 

1.  The  Established  Church. 

a.  How  maintained:  Act  of  Uniformity,  1643. 

b.  The  character  of  the  clergy. 

Hart,  I,  No.  85. 

2.  The  Dissenters  and  their  treatment. 

J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  XII,  175;  XIII,  153-188. 

a.  Appearance  of  Puritans,  and  their  expulsion  by  Berkeley. 

b.  Puritans  during  the  Commonwealth  period. 

c.  Numbers  constantly  increase  after  the  Restoration. 

d.  Treatment  of  Quakers  and  Baptists. 

3.  Educational  Facilities. 

Boone,  Education  in  tiie  U.  S.,  9-60  in  passim;  Eggleston,  Transit, 
etc.,  158-160,  249-254. 

a.  Few  schools. 

Hart,  I,  296. 

b.  Early  attemps  to  found  a  college. 

c.  Berkeley's  attitude  toward  education. 

Hart,  I,  No.  70. 

d.  William  and  Mary's  College  founded,  1692:  James  Blair. 

Hart,  I,  No.  89. 

e.  Other  opportunities  for  education. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  26 

f.   "The  Virginia  Gazette,"    1736:    First   Newspaper   in   the 
South. 

Summary:  Tendencies  revealed  in  the  development  of  the  insti- 
tutions  of  Virginia. 

XL  MARYLAND  :    A  TYPICAL  PROPRIETARY  COLONY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  100-101;  Thwaites,  ch.  iv;  Fiske,  Old 
Virginia,  I,  chs.  viii,  ix;  II,  ch.  xiii;  Doyle,  I,  chs.  x-xi;  Eggleston, 
Beginners  of  a  Nation,  Bk.  Ill,  ch.  i;  Browne,  Calverts,  esp.  chs. 
ii,  v,  vi,  viii;  Winsor,  America,  III,  ch.  xiii;  Mereness,  Maryland 
as  a  Proprietary  Province;  Browne,  Maryland;  Lodge,  English 
Colonies,  chs.  iii,  iv;  Bozman,  Maryland  (documents). 

,  The  Calverts  :  The  Family  of  the  "  Lord  Proprietor." 

1.  Their  position  in  England:  Conversion  to  Catholicism. 

2.  Early  attempts  at  colonization:  Avalon. 

3.  Created  Baron  Baltimore:  1625. 

The  Charter  of  Maryland  :  1632. 

MacDonald,  53;  Preston's  Documents,  62. 

1.  Granted  to  Cecil,  Second  Lord  Baltimore. 

2.  Boundary. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  16,  p.  12;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  78. 

3.  Jurisdiction  conferred. 

Osgood,  Am.  Historical  Rev.,  II,  644;  III,  31,  244. 

a.  Precedent:  Feudal  character. 

Lapsley,  Palatinate  of  Durham. 

b.  Provisions  fixing  power  of  the  Proprietor. 

c.  Rights  guaranteed  to  the  colonists. 

d.  Religious  provisions. 

Maryland  Settled :  1634. 

1.  Reason  for  founding  Colony:  Condition  of  Catholics  in  England. 

2.  The  Proprietor's  Instructions  to  Colonists. 

Hart,  I,  No.  72. 

3.  Was  it  a  Catholic  Colony  ? 

4.  Lord  Baltimore  and  the  Jesuits. 

Dennis  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Repts.,  1900, 105-126. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  2J 

4.  Institutional  Development. 

1.  The  Land  System. 

Mereness,  Pt.  I,  chs.  i-iii. 

2.  The  Legislative  System. 

Browne,  Cal verts,  ch.  v;  Fiske,  I,  283-285;  Doyle,  I,  286-298;  Morey, 
Annals  of  Pol.  Sc.  I,  544-547;  Mereness.JPt.  II,gch.  ii. 

a.  Struggle  over  the  initiative  of  legislation. 

b.  Primary  Assembly  or  Folk-moot.      1635. 

c.  Proxy  system  develops.     1638. 

d.  Representative  system  gradually  established.     1650. 

e.  Bi-cameral  system  established.     1650. 

3.  Local  Government. 

Mereness,  Pt.  II,  ch.  vi;  Howard,  Local  Govt., 1274-81;  Fiske,  Civil 
Govt,  74-77;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  146-149;  Taylor,  Eng. 
Const.,  32-33;  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  I,  No.  vii,  III,  Nos.  v-vii. 

a.  The  Hundred. 

b.  The  Manor:  Court  Barou  and  Court; Leet. 

5.  Dissensions  in  the  Colony. 

Fiske,  I,  286-318;  II,  131-138, 
i.    Quarrels  with  Clay  borne  and  Virginia. 

Latane1,  J.  H.  Uuiv.  Studies,  XIII,  129-153. 

a.  First  phase.     1634-37. 

Hart,  I,  No.  74. 

b.  Second  phase:  Ingle.      1644-46. 

c.  Third  phase  (see  below). 

Cobb,  The  Rise  of  Reiigious  Liberty,  362-380;  Petrie,  in  J.  H.  Univ., 
X,  No.  4;  Winsor,  III,  530-535;  Browne,  ^Calverts.^chs.  vi,  viii; 

Mereness,  430-437. 

a.  Increase  of  the  Puritan  element. 

b.  Toleration  Act.     1649. 

MacDonald,  104;  Hart,  I,  No.  84. 

1.  Causes  which  led  to  its  passage. 

2.  Who  passed  it? 

c.  The  policy  of  the  Proprietors. 

3.    Struggle  between  the  Proprietary  Government  and  the  Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners,  1652:  Contest  of  the  Sects. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  28 

a.  Protestants  win.     1655. 

b.  Puritan  Assembly  and  its  notion  of  a  Toleration  Act. 

c.  Restoration  of  Baltimore.     1657. 

Hart,  I,  No.  75. 

d.  Kendall's  Rebellion.     1660. 

6.  The  Colony  after  the  Restoration. 

Fiske,  II,  150-162;  Cobb,  380-398. 

1.  An  era  of  peace  but  political  reaction  to  1675. 

a.  Restriction  of  suffrage,  1670,  and  other  reactionary  measures. 

2.  An  era  of  unrest,  1675-1691. 

a.  Policy  of  new  Proprietor  irritates  colonists. 

1.  Long  Assembly.     1669-1676. 

2.  Nepotism:  Conflicts  in  the  Assembly. 

3.  Taxation  on  tobacco. 

4.  Restriction  of  Suffrage.     1670. 

b.  Rebellions. 

Sparks,  Causes  of  Maryland,  Rev.  of  1689,  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  XIV, 
477;  Steiner,  in  Amer.  Hist  Assoc.  Repts.,  1897,  281. 

1.  First  attempt  a  failure.     1676:  Davis  and  Pate. 

2.  Second  attempt  successful.     1689:  John  Coode. 

3.  A  Royal  Colony.     1691-1715. 

a.  Episcopal  Church  established,  1692,  1700. 

Fiske,  II,  162-173. 

1.  Unpopularity  of  the  Establishment. 

2.  Toleration.     How  far  practiced.     Hardship  of  Catholics. 

3.  Character  of  the  clergy:  Thomas  Bray. 

4.  Growth  of  dissent. 

b.  Proprietary  Government  re-established:  1715. 

Steiner,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Repts.,  1899,  231. 

XII.    THE  CAROLINAS. 

C.  &  JH.  Guide,  sec.  102;  Thwaites,  87-95;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  ch.  xv;  Winsor,  V, 
285-335;  Doyle,  I,  ch.  xii ;  Bryant  &  Gay,  II,  chs.  xii,  xv;  Lodge,  chs.  v-viii; 
McCrady,  So.  Ca.  under  Prop.  Govt. ;  McCrady,  So.  Ca.  under  Royal  Govt. ; 
Whitney,  Government  in  So.  Ca.,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XIII,  Nos.  i,  2;  Rivers,  Hist. 
Sketch  of  So.  Ca.;  Bassett,  Const.  Beginnings  of  No.  Ca.;  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XII; 
Hawks,  History  of  No.  Ca. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  39 

1.  Early  attempts  of  French  and  English  to  Colonize. 

2.  Royal  Grants. 

1.  To  Sir  Robert  Heath,  1629. 

Col.  Rec.  of  N.  C.,  I,  5. 

a.  Proprietary  charter  similar  to  Avalou  charter. 

b.  No  colonies  planted  by  Heath.     Charter  repealed,  1664. 

c.  Miscellaneous     settlements.      Virginia    dissenters    on    the 

Chowan,  1653.     New  Englanders  on  Cape  Fear,  1660; 
abandoned,  1663. 

2.  The  first  charter  to  the  Eight  Proprietors,  1663.     31°  to  36°. 

MacDouald,  120;  Charters  and  Consts. ,  II,  1382. 

3.  The  second  charter  to  the  Proprietors.     1665. 

Mac  Donald,  148  ;  Charters  and  Const,  II,  1390. 

4.  The  two  charters  compared. 

a.  Territorial  grant  increased  29°  to  36°  30'. 

b.  Governmental  features,  little  change. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  Ill,  46-48,  251-254. 

c.  Religious  provisions. 

3.  Later  Settlements. 

1.  The  Albemarle  Colony  (Northern),  1662-64. 

2.  Clarendon  (Middle),  1665;  abandoned,  1690. 

3.  The  Ashley  River  Colony  (Charleston),  1670. 

4.  The  Scotch  at  Port  Royal,  1683.     Destroyed,  1686. 

4.  Proprietors'  Provisions  for  Government. 

1.  Proposals  of  1663  and  Concessions  and  Agreements  of  1665. 

Hart,  I,  No.  78:  Col.  Rec.  of  No.  Ca.,  I,  79. 

2.  The  Fundamental  Constitutions,  1669. 

Text,  MacDonald,  149;  Charters  &  Consts.,  II,  1397;  Col.  Rec.  of  No. 
Ca.,  I,  157;  Carroll's  Collections,  II,  361;  Analysis,  in  Bassett,  J.  H. 
U,  Studies,  XII,  97-169;  McCrady,  Prop.  Govt.,  94-111;  Doyle,  I. 
334-340;  Fiske,  II,  272-276. 

a.  Two  sets.     Locke's  connection  with  them. 

b.  Reasons  for  drawing  them  up. 

c.  Chief  features  and  peculiar  provisions. 

d.  Notable  provision  relative  to  toleration. 

Cobb,  Religious  Liberty  in  America,  115-123. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  30 

e.  Alteration  of  the  Constitution,  and  condition  of  the  Province, 

1682. 
Hart,  I,  Nos.  80,  8r. 

f.  Resisted  by  the  People.     Abandoned,  1693. 

McCrady,  226,  227,  247. 

5.  An  Era  of  Disturbances  and  Slow  Growth.     1670-1719. 

1.  Dissatisfaction  with  the  Government. 
a.  Inferior  governors. 

2.  Troubles  over  trade  regulations  in  Albemarle  Colony. 

a.  Culpepper  rebellion,  1677-79. 

b.  Rule  and  banishment  of  Sothel,  1688. 

c.  Temporary  union  of  the  two  Colonies,  1691. 

3.  Religious  difficulties. 

Cobb,  123-129. 

a.  Gov.  Johnson's  bigotry  in  the  Southernl Colony,  1703-06. 

b.  Intolerance  in  the  Northern   Colony  ,J  1704-1711.     Corey's 

rebellion,  1711. 

4.  Troubles  with  the  Spanish. 

a.  Port  Royal  destroyed,  1686. 

b.  Charleston  attacked,  1706. 

5.  Troubles  with  the  Indians. 

a.  In  the  Northern  Colony,  1711-13. 

b.  In  the  Southern  Colony,  1713-16. 

6.  The  End  of  the  Proprietary  Government. 

1.  In  South  Carolina. 

a.  Popular  revolutions  against  the  Proprietary  Government, 

1719-20. 

McCrady,  Prop.  Govt.,  641-656. 

b.  Gov.  Nicholson  first  Royal  Governor,  1721. 

McCrady,  Royal  Govt.,  26  et  seq  ;  Hart,  II,  No.  33. 

2.  In  North  Carolina. 

a.  Unrest  and  discord,  1719-29. 

3.  Proprietors'  agreement  with  the  Crown,  1729. 

7.  Under  Royal  Government. 

i.    Separation  of  the  Colonies. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY. 

2.    Features  of  the  Government 

a.  Governors'  Instructions  and  their  importance. 
McCready,  1-50. 

8.  Development  of  the  Two  Colonies  :  Contrasts. 

1.  Population  and  Races. 

2.  Prosperity  and  Industries. 

3.  Slavery  and  Poor  Whites. 

a.  Negro  insurrection  in  South  Carolina,  1740. 

b.  The  Black  Code. 

4.  Aristocracy  and  Democracy. 

a.  The  Vestries  in  South  Carolina. 

b.  Lack  of  towns. 

5.  Churchmen  and  Dissenters. 

6.  The  Coast  and  the  frontier  settlements. 

7.  Schools  and  the  lack  of  them. 

9.  Piracy. 

Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  361-369. 

1.  Its  growth  and  extent. 

2.  Attempts  to  suppress. 

XIII.    GEORGIA,  AN  i8TH  CENTURY  COLONY. 

C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  103;  Thwaites,  ch.  xiii;  Bryant  &  Gay,  III,  140-169;  Winsor,  V, 
357-392;  Lodge,  chs.  ix,  x;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  333-336;  Joues,  History  of 
Georgia,  2  vols. 

i.  James  Oglethorpe  and  his  Philanthropic  Schemes. 

Bruce,  Life  of  Oglethorpe. 

1.  Formation  of  the  Georgia  Company,  1732. 

2.  Its  project. 

Hart,  II,  No.  39. 

a.  Assistance  to  poor  debtors. 

b.  A  military  outpost  against  the  Spanish. 

a.  The  Charter.     1732. 

MacDonald,  235-248;  Poore,  I,  369;  Jones,  Georgia,  I,  90. 

1.  Territorial  grant. 

2.  Governmental  features:  a  limited  Proprietary:  Trustees. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  32 

3.  Settlers  without  political  privileges. 

4.  Slavery  prohibited. 

3.  Settlements. 

1.  Savannah  founded,  1733. 

2.  The  Salzburg  Germans'  settlements,  1734. 

Hart,  II,  No.  40. 

3.  Inland  settlements,  1734-36. 

4.  Scotch  Highlanders. 

4.  Slow  Development.     Causes. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  42-44. 

1.  Spanish  attacks,  1736-42. 

2.  Dissatisfaction  of  the  Colonists  with: 

a.  Government  of  the  Trustees  after  1743. 

b.  Scarcity  of  labor:  Slavery  permitted,  1749. 

c.  Land  system:  concessions,  1750. 

5.  A  Royal  Province. 

1.  Trustees  surrender  Charter,  1752. 

2.  Boundary  enlarged  after  cession  of  Florida,  1763. 

3.  Gradual  growth  of  population:  Slaves  numerous. 

4.  A  frontier  community. 

XIV.  NEW  ENGLAND  COLONIZATION. 

i    The  English  on  the  Coast  of  New  England. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  96,  109;  Higginsoa's  Explorers,  203-225; 
Doyle,  II,  14-25;  Winsor,  America,  III,  172-184. 

1.  Early  explorers:  Gosnold,  Pring  and  Weymouth.     1602-1605. 
t  i.    The  Plymouth  Company:  Its  attempt  to  colonize. 

a.  The  Popham  Colony,  1607. 

2.  Capt.  John  Smith's  voyage  and  map,  1614-15. 

Hart,  I,  No.  90. 

2.  Causes  leading  to  Successful  Colonization. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees,  iio-ni;  Eggleston,  Beginnings  of  & 
Nation,  Bk.  II,  chs.  i-ii;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England,  ch. 
ii;  Arber,  The  Story  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers;  Gardiner's  Puritan 
Revolution.  For  ecclesiastical  documents  of  Elizabeth's  reign, 
cf.  Prothero,  183-249;  for  James  I.  reign,  Ibid.,  283-311,  4'3~438- 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  33 

1.  The    Religious    Situation    in    England   early   in   the   XVII. 

Century. 

a.  Nature  of  the  English  Reformation. 

1.  The  English  Established  Church. 

2.  Acts  of  Supremacy  and  Uniformity.     1559. 

Prothero,  i,  13. 

3.  Persecuting  Statute  of  1593. 

Prothero,  89-92;  Arber,  35-36. 

b.  Rise  and  Development  of  Puritanism. 

1.  Its  appearance:  "The  Marian  Exile  "  and  its  results. 

2.  Its  characteristics. 

3.  Its  political  influence. 

Hart,  I,  No.  93. 

c.  The  English  Puritans. 

1.  Conformists  or  Low  Churchmen. 

2.  Non-Conformists. 

a.  Separatists  or  Independents. 

b.  Presbyterians. 

d.  The  Policy  of  the  Stuarts  toward  the  Puritans. 

1.  The  Hampton  Court  Conference:  1604. 

2.  Persecution  and  its  consequences. 

3.  Intolerance  the  rule  throughout  Christendom. 

Eggleston,  163-164. 

2.  The  Political  Situation  in  England  early  in  the  XVII.  Century. 

Hosmer,  Anglo-Saxon  Freedom,  chs.  vii,  ix,  x;  Prothero,  400-411, 
435-439- 

a.  The  Political  Philosophy  of  the  Century. 

1.  The  Stuart  theory  of  government:  The  Divine  Right  of 

Kings. 

2.  The  opposing  theory:  The  Parliamentary  Doctrine. 

b.  The  Stuarts  and  the  Constitution. 

i.  Arbitrary  policy  of  James  I.     1603-25. 

a.  Struggle  with  Parliament  over  the  taxing  power. 

Prothero,  280-319. 

b.  The  Bates  Case.     1606-08. 

Prothero,  340-352;  Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  I,  314. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  34 

c.  Monopolies. 

d.  Disregards  other  rights  of  Parliament  and  the  Nation. 
2.  Arbitrary  policy  continued  by  Charles  I:  1625-49. 

a.  The  struggle  over  the  taxing  power  renewed. 

1.  Forced  loans. 

2.  The  Petition  of  Right:  1628. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  No.  23;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  Ship  money:  Hampden  Case:  1637. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  vol.  III. 

b.  The  strain  upon  the  Constitution. 

1.  King  rules  without  Parliament:  1629-1640. 

2.  The  Long  Parliament  and  the  Civil  War:  1640-49. 

a.  The  Grand  Remonstrance,  1641. 

O.  S.  Leaflets,  No.  24. 

b.  The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War:  1642. 

3.  Parliament  rules  without  the  King. 

3.    Importance  of  the  struggle  in  the  Mother  Country  upon  the 
Colonization  and  Development  of  the  English  Colonies. 


XV.    THE  PILGRIMS  AND  THE  PLYMOUTH  COLONY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  111-113;  Thwaites,  ch.  vi;  Eggeston,  Bk.  II,  ch.  Hi;  Fiske, 
New  England,  79-87;  Doyle,  II,  11-15,  27-73;  Arber,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers;  Amer- 
ican History  Leaflets,  No.  29;  Winsor,  America,  III,  257-276;  Dexter's  Pilgrims; 
GrifEs,  The  Pilgrims  in  Their  Three  Homes;  Brown,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers;  Good- 
win, The  Pilgrim  Republic;  Ames,  The  Mayflower  and  Her  Log;  Bradford,  His- 
tory of  Plymouth  Plantation;  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 

i.   The  "  Pilgrim  Fathers." 

1.  Who  were  they?     Separatists^ tv 

2.  The    "cradle   of    the   movement  ;'*   A usterfield   and   Scrooby 

Church. 

3.  Persecution  drives  them  to  Holland,  1608. 

Hart,  I,  No.  49. 

4.  The   residence   in   Holland   and   reasons   for  immigration  to 

America,  1608-1620. 

Hart  I,  No.  97;  Arber,  chap,  xxvii. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  35 

5.  Their  leaders:  The  Seven  Leyden  Articles. 

Neill,  Eng.,  Colonization,  96-98. 

6.  Agreement  with  the  Virginia  Company  and  Merchant  Adven- 

turers of  London. 
Ames,  ch.  Hi. 

7.  Failure  to  receive  a  charter  from  James  I. 

a.   The  Planting  of  the  Colony. 

1.  The  Mayflower  Compact. 

MacDonald,  no;  Hart,  I,  No.  98,  Charters  and  Const.,  I,  931. 
a.   Principles  underlying  it. 

2.  ' '  The  landing. ' '     What  was  it  ? 

Hart,  I,  No.  99;  Ames,  chs.  v,  ix;  Arber,  434-436. 

3.  Sufferings  and  privations  of  the  Colonists. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  100-102. 

4.  Experience  with  communism. 

Hart,  I,  No.  100. 

5.  Relations  with  the  Indians. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  100-101. 

Political  Development. 

Bib.  Haynes  iu  J.  H.  U.  Studies  XII,  pp.  436;   Osgood,  in   Pol. 
Science  Quarterly,  XI,  pp.  694-715. 

1.  Early  form  and  principles  of  government. 

a.  Primary  Assembly. 

b.  Governor  and  Assistants. 

2.  Gradual  development  of  the  Representative  System,  1638-1658. 
a.  Franchise. 

3.  Judicial  System. 

4.  Relation  of  Plymouth  with  the  English  Government. 

5.  Patents  from  the  Council  of  New  England:  1621,  1630. 

MacDonald,  51;  Hazard,  I,  298. 

6.  Relation  to  the  other  New  England  colonies. 

7.  Final  incorporation  of  the  "Old  Colony"  with  Massachusetts, 

1691. 

Hart,  I,  No.  104. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  36 

4.   Life  in  the  Colony. 

1.  Educational  advantages. 

2.  Religious  System. 

Cobb,  Religious  Liberty  in  America,  133-148. 

3.  Population  and  material  resources — why  not  more  prosperous  ? 

XVI.  MASSACHUSETTS,  A  TYPICAL,  NORTHERN  COLONY. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  114-118;  Thwaites,  ch.  vi;  Doyle,  II,  83-112,  141-144;  253- 
256;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England,  80-109;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation, 
Bk.  II,  ch.  iv;  Twichell's,  John  Winthrop,  chs.  iii,  vi,  viii,  ix,  xiv;  Winsor,  Mem. 
Hist,  of  Boston,  I,  ch.  ii;  Cobb,  Religious  Liberty  in  Amer.,  148-197;  Cawston  & 
Keane,  Early  Chartered  Companies,  206-211;  Howe,  The  Puritan  Republic,  chs. 
i-iii;  Young's  Chronicles  (for  documents);  Mass,  and  Its  Early  History,  Lowell 
Inst.  Lectures. 

x.  The  Grand  Council  for  New  England  and  its  Charter.     1620. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  I,  951;  MacDonald,  23;  Winsor,  America,  III, 
295-310;  Osgood,  Pol.  Science  Quar.,  XL,  273-277,  502-533;  Hart, 
I,  No.  51. 

1.  Its  plans  and  its  failure  to  colonize. 

2.  Its  grants. 

Haven,  in  Mass,  and  Its  Early  History,  143-162. 

3.  Early  settlements  in  Massachusetts:  1620-28. 

2.  Causes  of  the  "  Puritan  Exodus." 

Hart,  I,  No.  105.         . 

1.  ' '  The  times  out  of  joint. ' ' 

2.  The  scheme  of  Rev.  John  White,  and  its  realization. 

3.  Origin  of  the  Mass.  Bay  Company  and  its  grant  from  the  Coun- 

cil of  New  England. 

4.  Eudicott  conducts  a  company  to  Salem,  1628. 

3.  "  The  Governor  and  Company  of  Massachusetts  Bay:   1629." 

C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  117-118. 
i.    The  Charter. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  7;  MacDonald,  37;  Preston's  Doc.,  36; 
Charters  &  Consts.,  I,  932. 

a.   How  was  it  secured  ? 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  yj 

b.  Limits  of  the  grant. 

c.  Character  of  the  power  and  jurisdiction  conferred. 

Osgood,  in  Pol.  Science  Quar.,  xi,  502. 

i.   Schools  of  interpreters. 

d.  Provisions  indicating  rights  of  the  settlers. 

e.  Purpose,  ostensible  and  real,  of  parties  to  the  grant. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  50. 

4.  The  Great  Migration,  1629-1640. 

Century,  III,  350. 

1.  "The  Cambridge  Agreement,"  Aug.  26,  1629. 

Hart,  I,  No.  106;  Young,  281. 

2.  The  transfer  of  the  Charter  and  Company  to  New  England:  Its 

significance. 

3.  Leaders,  character  and  number  of  colonists. 

4.  Early  settlements. 

a.  Why  did  they  settle  in  towns? 

b.  Effect  upon  political  institutions. 

5.  Development  of  Political  Institutions. 

Bib.  C.  &  HM  Guide,  sees.  118,  147;  Haynes,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XII, 
377;  Osgood,  Pol.  Science  Quar.,  vi,  i;  Howe,  chs..ii,  xiii;  Morey, 
Annals  of  Pol.  Science,  I,  549-550,  IV,  207-209;  TwichelPs  Win- 
throp,  chs.  vi,  viii,  ix,  xiv;  Taylor,  in  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  II, 
708-715. 

1.  Form  of  government  established  in  1630. 

a.   At  first  in  the  control  of  the  Governor  and  Assistant. 

2.  Admission  of  "  Freemen:"  Oct.,  i63o-May,  1631. 

a.  Occasion. 

b.  Significance.     The  company  becomes  a  political  and  ceases 

to  be  a  commercial  organization. 

3.  The  Suffrage:  Aristocratic  Theocracy  established. 
a.  Limitations  to  Church  membership.     1631. 

1.  Reasons  for  Restriction. 

2.  Compare  with  English  requirement. 

3.  Protest  against  the  restriction:  1646. 

Hart,  I,  No.  nr. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL,  HISTORY.  38 

4.  Rise  of  the  Representative  System:  Opposition  to  Aristocracy. 

Hart,  I,  No.  107. 

a.  Causes. 

1.  General. 

2.  Special:  The  Protest  of  Watertown :  1631.     "No  Taxa- 

tion without  representation." 

b.  Inauguration  of  the  System:  1632-34:  A  Democratic  Revo- 

lution, 
i.  Apportionment  and  Method  of  Election. 

Bishop,  History  of  Elections,  123-140,  130-145. 

a.  By  Court  of  election:  1634. 

b.  Ballot  and  Proxy  system  introduced:  1634-1637. 

c.  Nominating  system:  1639. 

d.  Sealed  returns:  1644. 

5.  Establishment  of  the  Bi-cameral  Legislature:  1644. 

a.  Germ  of  the  two  Houses. 

b.  Cause  of  the  division  into  two  Houses.    "The  Sow  business." 

Haynes,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XII,  411. 

c.  Results  of  the  system. 

d.  Composition  and  functions  of  the  two  Houses. 

e.  Effect  upon  the  position  of  the  Governor. 

Kaye,  The  Colonial  Executive,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  XVIII,  282-292. 

6.  Town  Government:  The  Political  Unit. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  118,  147;  Charming,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  II, 
458-474;  Howard,  Local  Const.  Hist.,  50-99,  319-357;  Fiske.  Civil 
Govt.,  ch.  ii;  Howe,  ch.  xii;  Hinsdale,  American  Govt.,  388-395; 
Prothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  13-32;  Goodnow,  Com.  Adm. 
Law,  165-171;  Taylor,  Eng.  Const.,  27-32,  39,  40;  Adams,  Three 
Episodes  of  Mass.  History,  II,  810;  Peters,  A  Picture  of  Town 
Govt.  in  Mass. 

a.  Origin  of  Town  Government, 
i.   Different  theories. 

b.  The  English  parish  or  town ;  how  reproduced  in  N.  Eng. 

c.  Town  government  defined  by  the  General  Court,  1636. 
i.  Were  any  in  existence  prior  to  this? 

d.  Later  laws  in  regard  to  town  government. 

e.  Form  of  town  government. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY. 

1.  Town  meeting. 

a.  Nature  and  Functions. 

b.  Attendance  and  participation  in. 

c.  Effect,  immediate  and  remote. 

2.  Selectmen:  Moderator. 
a.  Functions  and  term. 

f.  Relation  of  the  town  to  the  Church. 

g.  Peculiar  laws  and  regulations, 
i.   Effecting  trade  and  labor. 

7.  Judicial  System. 

a.  Assumption  of  Judicial  power  by  the  Magistrates. 

i.  Early  courts.     Monthly  (1632)  and  Quarterly  (1636). 

b.  Matured  system. 

1.  Petty  Courts  in  Towns  (1638). 

2.  County  Courts  (1643),  "  Sessions  of  the  Peace." 

3.  Superior  Court:  Governor  and  Assistants. 

4.  "The  Great  and  General  Court:"  The  Supreme  Court. 
a.  Its  judicial  functions  decline  after  1642. 

5.  Appeal  to  Privy  Council  in  England  prohibited. 

8.  Code  of  Laws. 

Howe,  ch.  iii. 

a.  Causes  leading  to  adoption. 

1.  The  Law  of  Moses  vs.  The  Common  Law. 

2.  Demand  for  a  code  of  laws,  1634-39. 

b.  "The  Body  of  Liberties,"  1641. 

Am.  Hist.  Leafs.,  No.  25;  MacDonald,  72. 

1.  A  Bill  of  Rights. 

2.  Significance. 

c.  Revised  Code  of  1648. 

Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Col.,  3  Series,  Vol.  VII. 

1.  Chief  features. 

2.  New  political  principles  announced. 

6.    Development  of  Military,  Land  and  Educational  Systems. 

i.    Military  System. 

a.  Necessity. 

b.  Trained  band  in  each  town. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  40 

c.  Reorganization  into  regiments  by  counties.     (1644.) 

d.  Officers:  Choice  and  eligibility. 

e.  Analogy  to  English  system. 

2.  Land  System  and  Registrations. 

M.  Eggleston,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  4th  Series,  Nos.  XI-XII;  Eggleston, 
Transit  of  Civilization,  279-284. 

a.  Land   granted   by   General   Court   to  Society   of   Settlers. 

(Corporation.) 

b.  Method  of  administration  by  Society  or  Town. 

1.  Common  ownership. 

2.  Later  granted  to  individuals. 

3.  In  some  cases,  control  retained  by  original  proprietors. 

c.  Comparison  with  system  in  Proprietary  Colonies. 

d.  Registration  of  Land  Titles. 

1.  General  survey  and  registration  by  towns  ordered,  1634. 

2.  System  of  County  registration  established,  1643. 

3.  Educational  System. 

Boone,  Education  in  the  U.  S.,  14-30,  37-53;  Eggleston,  Transit, 
etc.,  207-219,  225-249. 

a.  Character  of  the  settlers  of  Mass, 
i.  Well  educated  and  religious. 

b.  Early  steps. 

1.  First  recorded  public  action,  by  Boston.     (1635.) 

2.  Act  of  the  "General  Court"  establishing  a  College,  1636. 

Hart,  I,  No.  137;  Old  South  Leafs.,  No.  51;  Johnson,  in  Lib.  of  Am. 
Lit,  I,  325- 

3.  Name  changed  to  Harvard,  and  first  "Commencement," 

(1642). 

c.  The    "General   Court"    advised  all    towns  to    take   active 

measures,  (1642). 

d.  Compulsory    education  :    First   law    establishing    common 

schools  (1647). 

e.  Reasons  for  establishment 
i.  Preamble  of  act  of  1647. 

f.  Comparison  with  England  and  the  other  colonies. 

g.  Influence  upon  the  life  of  the  people,  immediate  and  remote. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  4! 

XVII.    THE  "EXPANSION"  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Expulsions  and  Secessions  from  the  Bay  Colony. 
I.  The  Founding  of  Providence  Plantations  and  Rhode  Island. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  119,  120;  Eggleston,  Bk.  Ill,  ch.  ii; 
Doyle,  II,  113-126,  179-190;  Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  181-193,  423- 
440;  Strauss,  Roger  Williams;  Arnold's  Rhode  Island,  I;  Field, 
State  of  Rhode  Island,  etc.,  I;  Greene,  Rhode  Island. 

1.  Roger  Williams. 

1.  His  early  history  in  the  colonies. 

2.  Cause  of  his  controversy  with  the  Mass,  authorities. 

a.  His  peculiar  views. 

Hart,  I,  p.  373. 

b.  His  acts. 

3.  Reasons  for  banishment  from  Mass. 

4.  Settles  Providence  Plantations,  1636. 

Hart,  I,  No.  115,  pp.  402-4. 

a.  Form  of  government:  Pure  Democracy. 

b.  Doctrine   of   "soul   liberty."     Roger   Williams   a    "Path- 

breaker." 

2.  The  Antinomian  Controversy  and  its  connection  with  the  settle- 

ment of  Rhode  Island. 

Howe,  215-233;  Eggleston,  Bk.  Ill,  326-341;  Doyle,  II,  126-141. 

1.  Ann  Hutchinson;  Her  religious  views  and  activities. 

2.  The   Controversy :    Its   connection   with    politics :    Vane  and 

Winthrop. 

3.  Trial  and  banishment  of  Ann  Hutchinson  and  her  supporters, 

1638. 

Hart,  I,  No.  108. 

4.  Founding  of  Rhode  Island,  1638-39. 

5.  Early  form  of  government. 

a.  First  American  Federation,  1639. 

b.  Constitution  drawn  up,  1641. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  43 

3.  Constitutional  History  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Planta- 
tions. 

Doyle,  II,  181-189,  236-244,  267-271,  308-319;  III,  127-130;  Foster, 
Town  Govt.  in  R.  I.,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  IV,  73-88. 

1.  Patent  from  the  Long  Parliament  secured  by  Roger  Williams, 

1643. 
Charters  &  Constitutions,  II,  1594;  MacDonald,  91;  Preston,  iro. 

2.  Form  of  government  of  the  four  towns:  union  of  1647. 

3.  Charter  granted  by  Charles  II,  1663. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  II,  1595;  MacDonald,  125. 

a.  Chief  features. 

b.  Full  liberty  in  religious  matters, 
i.  Was  this  always  observed  ? 

Hart,  I,  No.  115,  pp.  405-6;  No.  116,  p.  409. 

4.  Peculiar  practices  owing  to  strong  local  spirit. 

5.  Aristocratic  tendencies. 

a.  Restricted  franchise. 

b.  Laws  of  inheritance. 

II.  The  Colonization  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sees.  121-122;  Fiske,  122-137;  Eggleston,  315- 
326,  343;  Doyie,  II,  149-60;  III,  120,  243;  Walker's  Hooker,  chs. 
v-vi;  Johnston,  Connecticut,  chs.  vi,  xi,  xii;  Trumbull,  Connec- 
ticut; Cobb,  238-280. 

i.  Colonization  of  the  Connecticut  River  Valley. 

1.  Grants  to  Lords  Brook  and  Say  and  Seal. 

Hazard,  I,  318. 

2.  Rivalry  of  the  Dutch  and  Pilgrims  on  the  river,  1635. 

Hart,  I,  No.  117. 

3.  The  Mass,  exodus,  1635-36. 

Hart,  I,  No.  118. 

a.  Causes  of  the  immigration.     Democracy  vs.  Theocracy. 

b.  Leader  of  the  movement.     Thomas  Hooker. 

4.  Early  constitutional  history. 

Osgood,  in  Pol.  Science  Quar.,  IV,  408-411;  Ibid.,  XIV,  261  etseq.; 
Andrews,  River  Towns  of  Conn.,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  VII,  No«.  7-9; 
Annals,  I,  165. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  43 

a.  Relations  to  Mass.  Bay  Colony. 

b.  Early  government. 

c.  Connecticut  Const,  or  "Fundamental  Orders:"   1639. 

Hart,  I,  No.  120;  MacDonald,  60;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  8;  Pres- 
ton, 78. 

I.  Its  importance. 


2.  Founding  of  the  New  Haven  Colony.     1638. 

Doyle,  II,  154-162,  190-199;  III,  116-125;  Johnston,  ch.  vii;  Trtun- 
bull,  ch.  vi;  Leveremore,  Rep.  of  New  Haven;  Cobb,  280-290. 

1.  The  leaders  and  their  purpose. 

2.  Form  of  government  established  in  1639.     Theocratic. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  8;  Hart,  I,  No.  94. 

3.  Federation  with  other  towns,  1643. 

MacDonald,  101. 

4.  Joined  to  Connecticut  by  the  Charter  of  1662,  against  its  desire. 

Hart,  I,  No.  121. 

3.  Connecticut  after  1662. 

1.  The  Charter  secured  from  Charles  II,  1662. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  I;  MacDonald,  116;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  8; 
Preston,  96. 

a.  Chief  features. 

b.  Extent  of  grant. 

2.  The  "Blue  Laws,"  True  and  False. 

Hart,  I,  No.  144;  Prince,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1898,  95-138. 

3.  Material  Development  and  characteristics  of  the  colonists. 
III.  The  Founding  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  123;  Doyle,  II,  chap.  vii.     See  post  48. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  44 

XVIII.   THE  NEW  ENGLAND  CONFEDERATION,  1643^84. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  124;  Thwaites,  chap,  vii;  Fiske,  chap,  iv;  Doyle,  II,  220- 
236,  247-251,  284-302,  III,  155;  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Const.,  218-21 ;  Howe,  ch. 
xiv;  Morey,  Annals  of  Pol.  Science,  VI,  211-226;  Salmon,  The  Union  of  Utrecht 
Am.  Hist.  Ass.  Report,  1893,  135-148. 

1.  Formation  and  Membership. 

1.  What  colonies  included? 

2.  What  colonies  excluded?     Why? 

3.  Reasons  for  formation. 

a.  Domestic. 

b.  Foreign. 

4.  Possible  precedents:  The  Union  of  Utrecht. 

2.  The  Articles  of  Confederation. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  7;  MacDonald,  94;  Preston,  85. 

1.  Chief  provisions. 

2.  Inequality  of  the  Union. 

3.  Methods  of  procedure. 

Hart,  I,  No.  129;  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  vols.  ix,  x. 

3.  External  Relations  of  the  Confederacy. 

1.  With  the  French. 

2.  With  the  Dutch. 

3.  With  the  Long  Parliament. 

4.  Internal  Relations. 

1.  Dealings  with  the  Indians. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  92,  133. 

2.  Troubles  with  Gorton. 

3.  Friction  between  Mass,  and  Conn. 

4.  Attitude  toward  the  Quakers. 

5.  Decline  of  the  Confederation. 

i.    Causes,     a.  The  "  first  nullification  act." 

Hart,  I,  No.  131. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  45 

6.  Results. 

1.  Germ  of  co-operation  and  union. 

2.  Precedent  for  union. 

3.  Provisions  of  Constitution  which  reappear  in  the  Federal  Const. 

XIX.    STRUGGLE  FOR  THE  CHARTER,  AND  RELATION 
WITH  THE  MOTHER  COUNTRY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  127;  Doyle,  III,  190-225;  Howe,  chs.  xv,  xvi;  Winsor,  Mem. 
Hist,  of  Boston,  I,  ch.  x;  Twichell's  Winthrop,  119-126,  176-181,  219-225;  Osgood, 
Pol.  Science  Quar.,  II,  446-455;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  49-62. 

i.  First  Attempt  to  Annul  the  Charter,  1635-1640. 
Hart,  I,  No.  109.  •> 

1.  Danger  from  the  Crown. 

Hart,  I,  No.  128. 

a.  Cause  of  the  King's  hostility. 

b.  Quo  warranto  proceedings:  1635. 

c.  Dilatory  policy  of  Mass,  authorities. 

d.  Preparations  for  defense. 

Doyle,  II,  119-120. 

2.  Deliverance. 

a.^Relations  of  the  Colony  to  the  Long  Parliament  and  Government 

of  Commonwealth. 

1.  Parliament's  claim  of  authority,  1641-1647. 

2.  Position  of  the  colonists. 

3.  Remonstrance:  Replies  of  the  General  Court. 

Bancroft,  U.  S.,  I,  416-417,  441-443. 

4.  Independence  and  Sovereign  acts  of  colony. 

3.  Relations  with  the  Government  of  England  after  the  Restora- 
tion, 1660. 

Cobb,  223-229;  Bancroft,  II,  70-81;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  Ill,  57,  61,  95; 
Hart,  I,  No.  132. 

i.    Declaration  of  the  Rights  of  the  Colonists  (1661). 
Winsor,  Memorial  Hist,  of  Boston,  I,  352. 

a.  Statement  of  their  relation  to  the  Crown. 

b.  Significance  of  this  document. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  46 

2.  King's  reply  and  orders  in  regard  to  Regicides  (1662). 

3.  Negotiations  of  Agents  of  Mass,  with  the  King. 

4.  The  Royal  Commissioners  (1664). 

a.  Action  of  the  Commissioners. 

b.  Action  of  the  General  Court. 

c.  Address  of  the  General  Court. 

d.  Results. 

4.  The  Navigation  Acts. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  19;  ante,  p.  20. 
i.    Attempt  to  enforce  them  in  New  England. 
a.  Mission  of  Edward  Randolph  (1676-81). 

Mem.  of  Edward  Randolph,  (Prince,  Soc.  Pub.),  I. 

2.  Resolutions  of  the  General  Court  that  the  Trade  Act  did  not 
apply  to  them,  "not  being  represented  in  Parliament," 
1680. 

Bancroft,  II,  122. 

a.  Importance. 

5.  The  Charter  Annulled,  1684. 

Hart,  I,  No.  135;  Fiske,  253-266. 

1.  Renewed  hostility  of  the  King. 
a.  Causes. 

2.  Proceedings  and  Defense  (1683-84). 

3.  Position  of  the  Colonists. 

Bancroft,  II,"i24,  125. 

XX.    THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  ANDROS,  1686-89. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  Sec.  128;  Doyle,  III,  239-243,  260-271,  288-294;  Fiske,  ch.  vi; 
Howe,  ch.  xvii;  Chalmers,  I;  Palfrey,  III. 

1.  The  Government  ad  interim  under  Dudley,  1685. 

2.  Colonial  Policy  of  James  II. 

Hale,  Fall  of  the  Stuart? . 

3.  Andros  Government. 

i.    Extent  of  his  commission. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  47 

2.  Powers  and  instructions. 

3.  His  tyrannical  course. 

4.  His  reception  in  other  colonies. 

Hart,  I,  No.  122. 

The  Revolution  of  1688-89. 

1.  In  England. 

a.  Flight  of  James  II. 

b.  William  and  Mary. 

c.  The  Bill  of  Rights. 

Hill,  ch.  ix. 

d.  Significance. 

2.  The  Revolution  of  1689  in  New  England. 

Hart,  I,  No.  136;  Lib.  of  Am.  Lit.,  II,  72. 

3.  In  the  other  colonies. 

4.  Results. 

The  New  Charter,  1691-1774. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  I,  942-954;  MacDonald,  205. 

1.  Extent:  Included  New  Plymouth. 

2.  Changes  in  the  Government. 

a.  Executive  appointed  by  the  King. 

b.  Judges  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

c.  Property  qualification  for  the  suffrage. 

3.  Powers  retained  by  the  Freemen. 

4.  Attack  upon  the  Charter,  1721. 

Palfrey,  IV,  335-336,  486-489.    Sec  post,  — . 

5.  Explanatory  Charter,  1725. 

MacDonald,  233. 

6.  Quarrels  with  the  Governors. 

Winsor,  Boston,  II,  in  passim. 

7.  Contrast  with  Royal  Provinces. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL,  HISTORY. 


XXI.    MAINE  AND  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


48 


*Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  123;  Doyle,  II,  ch.  vii;  Bryant  &  Gay,  II,  419-449;  Palfrey, 
I,  522-528;  Winsor,  III,  321-330;  York  Deeds,  Bk.  I,  Int.  18-74;  Williamson, 
Maine;  Varney,  Maine;  Belknap,  New  Hampshire,  I;  Barstow,  New  Hampshire. 

I.  Maine. 

1.  Early  Explorations  and  Temporary  Settlements. 

1.  De  Mont's  Grant:  1603.     4o°-6o°  N.  lat. 

Poore,  I,  773. 

2.  The  English  on  the  Coast. 

3.  The  Sagadahoch  or  Popham  Colony,  1606-08.     Ante  p.  32. 

Ballard,  Mem.  Vol.  of  Popham  celebration. 

2.  Early  Grants. 

Haven,  Grants  under  Council  of  New  England,  in  Mass,  and  Its 
Early  History,  129-162. 

1.  Grant  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  John  Mason.   1622. 

MacDonald,  36. 
a.  Robt.  Gorges  comes  out  as  Governor,  1623. 

2.  Grant  of  Council  of  New  England  to  Gorges,  1629:  confirmed, 


3-    Other  grants,  1630-31. 

Gorges'  Royal  Charter,  1639. 

Poore,  I,  774;  Hazard,  I,  442. 

1.  Gorges  Lord  Proprietor. 

2.  Extent  of  territory. 

3.  Governmental  power. 

Early  Settlements  and  Gorges'  Government. 

1.  Saco  and  Agamenticus,  1623-24. 

2.  Government  of  the  Colony. 

Williamson,  ch.  vi. 

a.  Gorges  Constitution. 

b.  First  General  Court,  Saco,  1640. 

c.  Charter  of  City  of  Georgeana,  1642. 

3.  Excluded  from  the  New  England  Confederation. 

4.  Six  governments  at  Gorges'  death,  1647. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  40 

5.  Relations  with  Massachusetts. 

1.  Towns  annexed  to  Massachusetts,  1652-58. 

2.  Detached  from,  by  the  Royal  Commissioners,  1665. 

Hart,  I,  No.  124. 

3.  Reannexed,  1668. 

4.  Massachusetts  purchases  the  Gorges  claims,  1677. 

a.  Governed  under  the  Gorges  charter. 

b.  Description  of  Maine. 

Hart,  I,  No.  125. 

6.  Under  the  Andros  Government,  1686. 

7.  Annexed  to  Massachusetts  by  the  Province  Charter,  1691. 
II.  New  Hampshire. 

i.  Early  Grants. 

1.  Mariana  grant  to  John  Mason,  1621. 

2.  The  joint  grant  to  Mason  and  Gorges,  1622. 

3.  Grant  of  Council  of  New  England  to  Mason,  1629. 

Poore,  II,  1270;  MacDonakl,  51. 

4.  Grant  of  Massonia,  1635. 

Poore,  II,  1273;  MacDonald,  59. 

a.  Early  Settlements. 

1.  Settlement  on  the  Piscataqua,  1622-23. 

2.  London  Puritans  at  Dover,  1628. 

3.  Massachusetts  exiles  at  Exeter  and  Hampton,  1629. 

4.  Church  of  England  colonists  at  Portsmouth,  1630. 

3.  Government  of  the  Colony. 

1.  Early  towns  independent. 

2.  Agreement  of  1639. 

Cobb,  Rise  of  Religious  Liberty,  290,  291. 

3.  Towns  annexed  to  Mass.,  1641-43. 
a.  Concessions  of  Mass. 

4.  Revival  of  Mason's  Claim,  1652. 

5.  Created  a  Royal  Province,  1679-1685. 
a.  The  Royal  Commission. 

Poore,  II,  1275. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  r 

b.  Governor  Cranfield  unpopular  and  driven  out. 

6.  Under  Andros  Government,  1686. 

7.  Reunited  with  Massachusetts,  1690. 

Hart,  I,  No.  126. 

8.  Under  a  new  Proprietor,  1691-92. 

9.  Royal  Government  revived. 

a.  Under  the  supervision  of  the  Governor  of  Mass.,  1698-1741. 

b.  Condition  of  the  Colony  by  Lt  Gov.  Weutworth,  1731. 

Hart,  I,  No.  21. 

c.  Boundary  determined,  1737. 

10.    A  Separate  Royal  Province.     1741-1776. 

a.  Final  separation  from  Mass.,  1741. 

b.  The  Mason  claim  purchased,  1749. 

4.  Church  and  State. 

Cobb,  290-300. 

1.  Religious  Establishments. 

2.  Religious  tests. 


XXII.  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  INSTITUTIONAL  LIFE  IN 
THE  PURITAN  COLONIES. 

I.  Social  Life. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  148;  Thwaites,  viii;  Lodge,  Hist,  of  the  Colonies,  chap,  xxii; 
Eggleston,  Century,  VIII,  387,  and  Hist.  U.  S.,  chaps,  xvi-xix;  Howe,  chs.  v-ix; 
Earle,  Customs  and  Manners  in  Old  New  England;  Fisher,  Men,  Women  and 
Manners  in  Colonial  Times;  Chamberlain,  Sam'l  Sewall  and  the  World  he  lived  in; 
Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Mass.  History,  II,  chaps,  vi,  vii;  Doyle,  III,  chaps,  i, 
ix;  Higginson,  Larger  History,  chap.  viii. 

i.  Class  Divisions. 

1.  Aristocratic  society. 

2.  Sumptuary  laws  regulating  dress,  to  preserve  this  distinction. 

3.  Preeminence  of  the  professional  class,  especially  the  clergy. 

Hart,  I,  No.  96. 

4.  Contrast  with  the  structure  of  Southern  society. 

a.  The  Northern  more  democratic  and  homogeneous. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  ^ 

2.  Social  life  centered  in  the  Church. 

Adams,  II,  chap,  ix;  Eggleston,  Transit,  etc.,  ch.  iv,  in  passim. 

3.  Family  Life. 

Hart,  I,  No,  149. 

1.  Marriage  encouraged. 

2.  Treatment  of  bachelors. 

3.  Training  of  children. 

4.  Attitude  toward  amusements. 

4.  Fashion. 

"  On  the  Frivolities  of  Fashions  "  by  Nath.  Ward  (1647). 

Lib.  of  Am.  Lit. ,  I,  276. 

5.  New  England  Life  as  seen  by  Outsiders. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  145,  146. 

II.    Industrial  System  and  Economic  Conditions. 

Bib.  Weeden's  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England;  Wright,  Industrial 
Evolution  of  the  U.  S.,  chs.  i-iii,  vii-ix,  in  passim;  Howe,  ch.  vi,  and  as  above. 

1.  Industrial  Pursuits. 

1.  Agriculture. 

Eggleston,  Century,  V,  431. 

2.  Commerce  and  Ship  building. 

Century,  VI,  234. 

3.  Fisheries. 

4.  Manufacturing. 

2.  System  of  Labor. 

1.  Free. 

2.  Slavery. 

Moore,  Hist,  of  Slavery  in  Mass.;  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  xxi,  62,  156; 
xxv,  490. 

a.    Extent. 

d.    Reasons  for  failure. 

c.    The  first  "  anti-Slavery  "  tract. 

Hart,  II,  No.  103. 

3.  Results  of  the  system. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  52 

III.  Religious  Life  and  Moral  Influence. 

1.  Relation  between  Church  and  State. 

Doyle,  III,  66-67;  Cobb,  ch.  v. 
I.   Political  significance. 

Lauer,  Church  &  State  in  New  England,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  X,  No. 
II-III;  Walker,  Thomas  Hooker;  Borgeaud,  Origin  of  Dem. 
Consts. 

2.  The  Church :  Its  organization  and  government. 

Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  55. 

1.  The  Congregational  System. 

a.  The  Church. 

b.  The  Society  or  Corporation. 

2.  The  Pastor,  Teacher  and  Deacons. 

a.  Choice. 

b.  Salary,  paid  by  town. 

3.  The  Synod:  A  voluntary  organization  of  the  churches. 

3.  The  Puritan  Sabbath. 

Earle,  Sabbath  in  Puritan  New  England;  Adams,  II,  chap,  x;  Howe, 
ch.  vii. 

1.  Sabbath  laws  in  New  England. 

Hart,  I,  No.  143. 

2.  Compulsory  attendance  upon  church. 

3.  The  tithing  man:  the  regulation  of  the  morals  and  conduct  of 

the  community. 

4.  The  Meeting-House  and  Church  Services. 

Eggleston,  Century,  III,  352,  XI,  901;  Adams,  II,  chap.  ix. 

1.  The  Sermon. 

2.  The  Hymns. 

Hart,  I,  No.  138. 

5.  Religious  controversies. 

Cobb,  181-213. 

6.  Religious  Experience. 

Lib.  of  Am.  Lit.  I,  170,  216,  276,  389. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  53 

7.  Intolerance  of  the  Puritans. 

Adams,  Mass.,  Its  Historians  and  its  History;  Hart,  I,  No.  112. 

1.  Early  instances.     Ante,  p.  41. 

2.  The  treatment  of  the  Quakers.     1656-60. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sect.  125;  Cobb,  213-223;  259-261,  287-288,  293; 
Hart,  I,  Nos.  140-142;  Letters  and  Petitions  of  the  Quakers,  Lib. 
of  Am.  Lit,  I,  394,  401;  Hallowell,  Quaker  Invasion  of  Mass. 
Doyle,  III,  98-114,  400;  Ellis,  Puritan  Age,  ch.  xii. 

3.  Extenuating  circumstances,  if  any. 

8.  Opposition  to  the  Established  Puritan  Church. 

Cobb,  223-238. 

1.  Baptists. 

2.  Episcopalians. 

9.  Superstition  of  the  Puritans. 

1.  The  Salem  Witchcraft     1691-93. 

C.  &  H.  Guide,  sect.  129;  Doyle,  III,  298-311;  Hart,  II,  Nos.  16-18. 

2.  Practice  and  belief  in  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 

Burr,  Translations  and  Reprints,  vol.  iii,  No.  4, 

3.  Point  of  view  from  which  to  be  regarded. 

IV.  Educational  Influences. 
Boone,  Education  in  the  U.  S.;  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England. 

1.  Educational  System  General. 

1.  Connecticut. 

a.  First  law.     1650. 

b.  Yale  College  founded,  1700. 

Hart,  II,  No.  90. 

2.  New  Hampshire. 
a.  First  law,  1658. 

3.  Rhode  Island. 

a.  First  law,  1664. 

2.  Introduction  of  printing,  and  diffusion  of  papers  and  pamphlets. 

3.  Culture  and  ability  of  the  clergy. 

Hart,  I,  No.  96. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  CA 

4.  Effect  upon  politics,  religion  and  society. 

V.  Political  Ideas  and  Institutions. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  147;  Thwaites,  chap.  viii. 

i.  Similar  in  the  other  New  England  Colonies  to  those  in  Mass. 

Bay. 

i.  Democratic  influence — strong. 

a.  Popular  elections. 

b.  Frequent  elections. 

c.  Town  meetings;  their  tendency. 

Hart,  II,  No.  78. 


THE  MIDDLE  COLONIES. 

INSTITUTIONALLY,  AS  WELL  AS  GEOGRAPHICALLY,  THE  LINK  BETWEEN 
NEW  ENGLAND  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

XXIII.    NEW  YORK. 

•  Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  104:  Thwaites,  ch.  ix;  Winsor,  Nar.  &  Critical  Hist.,  iv,  395- 
409;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,  I,  chs.  iv-ix;  Lodge,  ch.  xvi;  Eggleston, 
Century,  III,  724;  Wilson;  Mem.  Hist,  of  the  City  of  New  York,  I;  Bryant  &  Gay, 
I.  339-369,  429-449;  Roberts,  New  York,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv,  v,  vi;  Roosevelt,  New  York, 
1-89;  Broadhead,  New  York,  I ;  O'Callaghan,  New  Netherland,  2  vols. 

I.  The  Dutch  Rule. 

1.  The  Netherlands,  its  Political  and  Institutional  Development. 

Broadhead,  I,  ch.  xiii;  Fiske,  I,  chs.  i,  ii;  Campbell,  Puritans  in 
England,  Holland  and  Amer.,  II,  chs.  xix,  xx;  Jameson,  in  Mag. 
of  Amer.  History,  VIII,  315-321. 

2.  The  Dutch  and  Henry  Hudson. 

i.    His  voyage  and  exploration. 

Higginson,  Explorers,  281-296;  Fiske,  I,  80-95;  Hart,  I,  No.  38. 

a.  Purpose. 

b.  Results. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  55 

3.  Enterprise  of  the  Dutch  Trading  Companies. 

Hart,  I,  Nos.  150-151. 

1.  Dutch  merchants'  activity,  1613-14. 

a.  Trading  posts:  Manhattan. 

b.  Explorations  of  Block  and  May. 

2.  The  United  New  Netherland  Co.  Charter,  1614. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  I,  47;  Broadhead,  I,  60. 

a.  A  commercial  grant  only.  ' 

b.  Renewal  of  charter  refused :  Dutch  politics.     1618. 

3.  The  Dutch  West  India  Co. 

Hazard,    I,  121-131;  Broadhead,  I,  134,  148;  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist., 
XVIII,  273-288  ;  O'Callaghan,  I,  89. 

a.  Charter:  Governmental  and  commercial  grant,  1621. 

b.  Provisions  for  government  of  the  Province  of  New  Nether- 

land,  1623. 

1.  Relation  of  the  Company  to  the  Government. 

2.  The  Amsterdam  Chamber. 

4.  Permanent  settlements  and  experiments  in  government. 

Hart  I,  No.  153. 

a.  Fort  Orange,  1623. 

b.  Purchase  of  Manhattan,  1626. 

c.  Cosmopolitan  character  of  colonists. 

d.  The  first  Director-Generals:  Minuit  and  Van  Twiller. 

4.  The  Patroons  and  their  system. 

1.  Charter  of  Privileges  and  Exemptions,  1629. 

MacDonald,  43;  Broadhead,  1, 187,  194;  Elting,  in  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  IV, 
12-17;  Fiskel,  133-137,  170-172  ;  O'Callaghan,  I,  112-120,  218-222. 

a.  Feudal  features. 

b.  Inducements  to  settlers. 

2.  The  early  manors  on  the  North  and  South  Rivers. 

3.  Results  of  system — immediate  and  remote. 

a.  Early  modification:  Articles  of  colonization,  1638-41. 

b.  Rent  riots  in  the  XIX.  Century. 

5.  Struggle  for  Political  Rights  under  Kieft.     1638-44. 

O'Callaghan,  I,  240-250,  283-295,  305-318. 

i.    Paternalism. 

a.  Director-General  and  other  officers. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  56 

2.  Representative  Boards. 

a.  Indian  troubles  lead  to  choice  of  Twelve  Men.     1641-42. 

Their  proposed  reforms. 

b.  The  Eight  Men,  and  their  appeals  to  Holland.     1643-44. 

3.  Recall  of  Kieft,  no  reforms. 

6.  Stuyvesant's  Administration  :  Struggle  for  political  rights   con- 

tinued. 
O'Callaghan,  II,  esp.  chs.  vii-ix. 

1.  Character  of  Stuyvesant. 

Tuckerman,  Stuyvesant. 

2.  The  Nine  Men  and  their  contest  with  the  Director-General. 

1647-51. 
a.  Their  memorial  to  the  States-General. 

3.  Growth  and  prosperity  of  the  colony. 

4.  Struggle  for  local  governmental  rights. 

McKinley,  The  Eng.  and  Dutch  Towns  of  New  Netherlands;  Amer. 
Hist.  Rev.  VI,  i. 

a.  The  English  towns  of  Long  Island  secure  it. 

b.  Municipal  government  for  New  Amsterdam:  granted  1653. 

Jameson,  in  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.  VIII,  321. 

c.  Local  government  in  other  Dutch  towns. 

d.  Contrast  between  the  English  and  Dutch  towns. 

5.  Struggle  for  Representation  renewed. 

a.  The  popular  Assembly  of  1653:  Their  remonstrance. 

b.  Ten  years  without  representation,  1653-63. 

c.  Assemblies  of  1663-64. 

1.  Dutch  representative  bodies. 

2.  Union  and  disaffection  of  English  towns. 

d.  Results. 

7.  Relation  with  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.     1638-1655. 

Post  p.  62. 

8.  Rivalry  with  the  English. 

1.  With  Plymouth,  on  the  Connecticut,  1633. 

2.  With  Connecticut  and  New  Haven  Colonies. 

3.  English  settlements  on  Long  Island,  1639. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  57 

4.  With  the  New  England  Confederation. 

5.  Stuyvesant's  peace  policy;  treaty  of  Hartford,  1650. 

6.  Rival  claims. 

9.  Conquest  of  New  Netherlands,  1664. 

Hart,  I,  No.  155;  Mag.  of  Am.  History,  XIX,  233, 

1.  Causes  and  motives. 

2.  The  Capitulations. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  II,  250. 

3.  Importance  of  the  conquest. 

4.  Immediate  results. 

5.  The  reconquest  and  restoration  (1673-74). 

10.  Features  of  Dutch  Life. 

1.  Population. 

2.  Customs. 

3.  Religious  affairs. 

Cobb,  301-325. 

a.  Reform  church  established,  1638. 

b.  Toleration  to  1651. 

c.  Exceptions  and  persecutions  under  Stuyvesant. 

4.  Industries. 

5.  Influence  of  the  Dutch  in  American  History. 

Campbell,  Puritans  in  England,  Holland  and  America,  II,  ch.  xxii; 
Griffis,  Influence  of  the  Netherlands;  Harper's  Mag.,  Vol.  88,  213; 
Fisher,  The  Evolution  of  the  Const,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  ix. 

11.  English  Rule  in  New  York. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec,  105;  Thwaites,  chap,  ix;  Fiske,  II,  25-61, 
168-257;  Winsor,  America,  iii,  385-411;  v,  189-207;  Wilson,  Mem. 
Hist,  of  N.  Y.  City,  I-II;  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  chaps,  ix,  xiv; 
Bryant  &  Gay,  ii,  319-354;  Lodge,  295-311;  Roberts,  I,  ch.  xii. 

1.  Grants  to  the  Duke  of  York,  Proprietor,  1664,  1674. 

Charters  &  Consts.,  783,  786;  MacDonald,  136;  Mag.  of  Am.  Hist, 
VIII,  24;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  92-96. 

2.  Transition  from  Dutch  to  English  Rule. 

McKinley,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VI,  693. 
i.    Governor  Nicolls'  Polic)'. 

a.  To  the  English  towns  of  Long  Island. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  58 

b.  To  the  Dutch  towns. 

c.  To  settlements  in  New  Jersey. 

2.  The  Duke  of  York's  Laws. 

The  Col.  Laws  of  N.  Y.,  I,  6-73  ;  Penna.  Charter  and  Laws,  3-59 
(pub.  by  State  of  Penna.). 

a.  Source,  nature  and  purpose. 

b.  Comparison  with  New  England  laws. 

c.  At  first  applied  to  English  towns  only. 

d.  Gradual  extension  to  other  settlements. 

3.  Local  Government. 

a.  In  the  English  towns. 

b.  In  New  York  City. 

Jameson,  in  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  VIII,  598-611;  McKinley,  op.  cit. 

1.  Modification  of  Dutch  system,  1665. 

2.  Dongan's  Charter,  1683-86. 

Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XVI,  37. 

c.  In  the  Dutch  towns  on  the  Hudson. 

d.  In  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

3.  Struggle  for  a  Representative  Assembly. 

Jour,  of  the  Leg.  Council,  I,  Introduction;  N.  Y.  Col.  Laws,  I,  In- 
troduction. 

1.  Under  Governor  Nicolls. 

a.  Law  making  power  of  Court  of  Assizes. 

b.  English  towns  seek  a  charter,  1671. 

c.  English  towns  temporarity  unite  with  Connecticut.   1673-74. 

2.  Under  Governor  Andros.     1674-1683. 

a.  Renewal  of  agitation  for  assembly. 

b.  Andros  and  Duke  of  York's  Correspondence. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  Ill,  230,  235,  317,  318,  Appx.,  1675;  Egerton,  Eng. 
Col.  Policy,  104. 

c.  Rebellion  or  Assembly  imminent. 

3.  Under  Governor  Dongan,  1683-1688. 

Hart,  I,  No.  156;  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  VIII,  106. 

a.  Inauguration  of  new  political  institutions:  His  instructions. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  II,  331;  Broadhead,  II,  37. 

b.  Election  of  an  Assembly,  1683. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  59 

c.  The  Charter  of  Liberties. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Laws,  I,  111-116;  Broadhead,  II,  383;  Mag.  of  Amer. 
Hist,  XVI,  30. 

i.  Leading  provisions  and  source. 

d.  The  Duke  of  York  becomes  King,  1685. 

i.  He  revokes  representative  government. 

4.  James  II's  Colonial  Policy. 

1.  Consolidation  of  the  Northern  Colonies.     1688. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  II,  537,  543. 

2.  Andros  government:  Law  making  power. 

5.  Leisler's  Revolution,  1688. 

Hart,  I,  No.  157;  Doc.  in  Fiske,  II,  Appx.,  357-369. 

1.  The  occasion. 

2.  The  Anti-Catholic  panic. 

3.  Leisler's  government  and  Assembly,  1688-91. 

4.  The  Colonial  Congress,  1680. 

5.  Leisler's  arrest  and  execution. 

6.  His  character  and  motives. 

6.  New  York  a  Royal  Province,  1691-1776. 

Description  in  1695,  Lib.  of  Am.  Lit.,  ii,  209. 

1.  Reconstruction  of  the  Government. 

a.  A  Representative  Assembly  finally  established. 

b.  Royal  Governors. 

2.  Struggle  to  maintain  Popular  Government. 
a.  Assembly  versus  Governor. 

1.  Salary  question. 

2.  Money  bills. 

3.  Annual  assemblies. 

3.  Religious  Liberty. 

Cobb,  Rise  of  Religious  Liberty,  325-361. 

a.  Status  of  Catholics. 

b.  The  English  Church. 

c.  Status  of  Dutch  Reformed  and  other  sects. 

d.  Religious  disputes  between  the  Governor  and  Assembly. 

4.  Liberty  of  the  press. 

a.  Zenger's  trial  and  results.     1732. 

Hart,  II,  No.  72;  Fiske,  II,  248-257. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  fo 

XXIV.  NEW  JERSEY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  106;  Winsor,  III,  420-449,  V,  217-222;  Fiske,  Dutch  and 
Quaker  Colonies,  II,  10-16,  92-98,  139-147;  Bryant  &  Gay,  II,  ch.  xx;  Lodge,  chs. 
xiv,  xv;  Lee,  New  Jersey,  Colony  and  State;  Raum's  New  Jersey;  Mulford's  New 
Jersey;  Smith,  Nova  Caesarea  (for  documents);  Whitehead,  East  Jersey. 

1.  Early  Settlements. 

1.  Dutch. 

a.  On  the  North  River. 

b.  On  the  Delaware  (South  River),  Ft.  Nassau,  1623. 

2.  English  settlers  from  New  Haven.     1641. 

2.  Grants  of  the  Duke  of  York  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  1664. 

MacDonald,  139. 

1.  Reason  for  the  grant. 

2.  The  name,  Nova  Caesarea. 

3.  Proprietary  government. 

a.  Concessions  and  agreements,  1665. 

MacDonald,  141 ;  Hart,  I,  No.  164 ;  Scott,  in  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  III, 
No.  8. 

3.  Settlements. 

1.  By  Proprietary  Colonists  at  Elizabethtown,  1665. 

2.  By  New  Haven  and  other  New  England  Colonists.     1665-67. 

a.  Reasons  for. 

b.  Founding  and  local  government  of  Newark,  etc. 

Hart,  I,  No.  165. 

4.  Early  Government. 

1.  First  Assembly  at  Elizabeth.     1668. 

a.  Puritan  code  of  laws  adopted. 

b.  The  Assembly  and  Gov.  Carteret  quarrel. 

c.  No  legal  Assembly  for  7  years. 

2.  Contest  over  the  quit  rents.     1670. 

3.  The  unauthorized  assembly,  1671. 

a.  Rebellion  against  the  Proprietary  Government 

5.  Berkeley  sells  his  undivided  share  to  Quakers,  1672. 

1.  John  Fenwick  and  Ed.  Billings  purchasers. 

2.  William  Penn  becomes  interested. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  gl 

6.  New  Grant  to  Carteret,  1674. 

MacDonald,  171;  Hart,  I,  No.  166. 

1.  Division  recognized. 

a.  East  Jersey  to  Carteret. 

b.  West  Jersey  to  Quaker  party. 

2.  The  division  made:  Quintipartite  deed,  1676. 

MacDonald,  171. 

7.  Quaker  Settlements  in  West  Jersey. 

1.  Fenwick  colonizes  Salein,  1675. 

2.  Penn  and  others  send  out  colonists,  1677. 
a.  Burlington  settled. 

3.  Quaker  immigration:  yearly  meeting  established.     1681. 

8.  Government  of  West  New  Jersey. 

Hart,  I,  No.  168. 

1.  "  Concessions  and  Agreements. "     1677. 

MacDonald,  174;  Liberty  Bell  Leaflets,  No.  2;  Smith,  521. 

a.  Drawn  by  Penn. 

b.  Liberal  character. 

2.  First  Assembly,  1681. 

9.  Government  of  East  New  Jersey. 

Hart,  I,  No.  167. 

1.  Purchase  from  Carteret's  heirs  by  Penn  and  associates.     1681. 

2.  Frame  of  government,  1683. 

MacDonald,  190. 

a.  Liberal  character. 

10.  Struggle  of  the  Jerseys  to  maintain  their  independence. 

1.  Andros  asserts  Duke  of  York's  jurisdiction.     1675-79. 

2.  Duke  of  York's  release,  1680. 

3.  James    II.    secures    temporary  surrender  of  the   East  Jersey 

patent.     1686-88. 

4.  Final  surrender  of  proprietary  rights  of  both  colonies  to  the 

Crown.     1701-02. 

Hart,  II,  No.  26. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  62 

ii.  New  Jersey  a  Royal  Province,  1702-1706. 

1.  East  and  West  Jerseys  united. 

2.  Presided  over  by  Governor  of  New  York,  1701-1738. 

3.  Independent  Governor,  1738-1776. 

4.  Features  of  the  government. 

a.  Suffrage  and  representation. 

b.  Quarrels  with  the  Governors. 

c.  Riots  and  insurrections,  1744-1748. 

Hart,  II,  No.  30. 

5.  Religious  affairs:  Quakers  and  Politics. 

Cobb,  Rise  of  Religious  Liberty,  399-418. 

6.  General  prosperity  and  reasons  therefor. 

XXV.  PENNSYLVANIA  AND  DELAWARE. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sees.  107,  108 ;  Thwaites,  chap,  ix;  Sharpless,  Two  Centuries  of 
Penna.  History,  esp.  chs.  i-iv;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,  II,  chs.  xii,  xvi; 
S.  G.  Fisher,  The  Making  of  Pennsylvania;  and  Pennsylvania,  Colony  and  Com- 
monwealth; W.  R.  Shepherd,  Hist,  of  Proprietary  Government  in  Penna.;  Winsor, 
America,  III,  469-95,  V,  208-217;  Lodge,  English  Colonies  in  America,  chap,  xii; 
Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  chaps,  xi,  xvi;  Proud  or  Gordon,  Penna.;  Young,  Mem.  Hist, 
of  Philadelphia;  Sharpless,  A  Quaker  Experiment  in  Government. 

i.  Settlements  in  the  Delaware  Valley  prior  to  1681. 

Sharpless,  Penna.  17-19  ;  Vincent's  or  Scharf 's  Delaware  ;  Hart,  I, 
Nos.  150,  151,  158-160. 

1.  Dutch  settlements,  1623-38. 

See  Ante,  p.  60. 

2.  Swedish  settlements. 

Winsor,  IV,  443-488. 

a.  Influence  of  William  Usselinx. 

Jameson,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Papers,  II. 

b.  Designs  of  Gustavus  Adolphus. 

c.  First  settlements,  1638. 

d.  Relations  with,  and  conquest  by,  the  Dutch.     1650-55. 

Fiske,  I,  237-242. 

e.  Transfer  to  the  English,  1664. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  6, 

3.  English  colonists. 

a.  Attempts  of  New  Haven  colonists,  1635-42. 

b.  Quaker  forerunners  on  both  banks  of  the  river.     1675-1681. 

4.  English  rule  under  the  Duke  of  York,  1664-1681. 

2.  Rise  of  the  Quakers. 

Fisher,  Making  of  Penna.,  chaps,  ii-iii;  Sharpless,  30-39;  Janney  or 
Evans,  History  of  the  Friends. 

1.  Characteristics  and  Opinions  of  the  Quakers. 

Hart,  II,  No.  98;  Applegarth,  The  Quakers  in  Penna.,  J.  H.  U., 
Studies,  vol.  X,  Nos.  viii-ix;  Scott,  Development  of  Const.  Lib., 
63-81. 

2.  George  Fox  and  the  growth  of  the  movement  in  England,  1640. 

3.  The  persecution  of  the  Quakers. 

a.  In  England. 

b.  In  the  Colonies. 

3.  William  Penn. 

Janney,  Dixon  or  Clarkson,  Life  of  Penn;  Fisher,  The  True  Wm. 
Penn. 

1.  His  early  life  and  conversion  to  the  Society  of  Friends. 

2.  His  connection  with  the  colonization  of  New  Jersey  by  Quakers. 

3.  His  connection  with  the  Stuarts. 

4.  Reasons  for  desiring  to  found  a  colony. 

4.  Grant  and  Charter  to  Penn,  as  Proprietor,  1681. 

Poore,  II,  1509;  MacDonald,  183;  Preston,  130;  Penna.  Charter  and 
Laws,  81. 

i.    Extent  of  grant. 

Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  98-104,  110-118;  Jnnney,  chs.  xii,  xviiL 

a.  Secures  grant  of  Delaware  from  the  Duke  of  York. 

b.  Later  boundary  disputed. 

Shepherd,  ch.  vii;  Fisher,  Making  of  Penna.,  chs.  x-xi;  Penna.  Mag. 
of  Hist.,  ix,  241-271;  Sharpless,  181-184. 

1.  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

2.  Connecticut. 

3.  New  York. 

4.  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line;  1763-67. 

Hart,  I,  No.  77;  II,  No.  38. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  64 

2.  Chief  provisions  of  the  Charter. 

a.  Position  of  the  Proprietor:  new  restrictions. 

b.  Law  Making  power. 

c.  Taxation. 

d.  Religious  toleration. 

3.  Compare  with  Maryland  and  the  other  Proprietary  grants. 

Osgood.  in  Am.  Hist.  Review,«Bt,  31. 

ISC. 

5.  Measures  taken  to  attract  emigrants. 

Shepard,  ch.  iv. 

1.  Penn's  u  Concessions. " 

Poore,  II,  1516;  Penna.  Charter  &  Laws,  467. 
a.  Its  character. 

2.  Penn's  Constitution  or  u  Frame  of  Government "  of  1682. 

Poore,  1518;  Penna.  Charter  &  Laws,  91;  MacDonald,  192. 

a.  Drawn  in  England. 

b.  Penn's  political  philosophy. 

c.  Nature  of  the  government. 

d.  Relation  between  Proprietor  and  colonists. 

3.  Laws  agreed  upon  in  England. 

Penna.  Const.  &  Laws,  99-103. 

4.  Results  of  these  measures. 

Hart,  I,  No.  161. 

a.  A  large  emigration. 

1.  From  England. 

2.  From  the  Continent. 

b.  Settlement  of  Philadelphia. 

6.  Penn's    first  visit,  and  the    establishment    of  the   government, 

1682-83. 
*  Fisher,  Penna.,  1-35;  Shimmell,  Penna.,  112-138. 

i.  Penn  calls  Assembly  at  Chester,  Dec.,  1682. 

a.  Purpose. 

b.  "The  Great  Body  of  Laws,"  Dec.  7,  1682. 

Penna.  Charter  and  Laws,  107. 

c.  Chief  provisions  relating  to — 

i.  Religious  freedom  and  Sunday  Laws. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  65 

2.  Regulation  of  moral  conduct. 

3.  Suffrage. 

4.  Arbitrators,  or  "Peace  Makers." 

2.  The  Act  of  Settlement,  March  19,  1683. 

Penna.  Const.  &  Laws,  123,  488. 

3.  The  Frame  of  Government  of  April  2,  1683. 

Penna.  Const.  &  Laws,  155;  Poore,  II,  1527;  MacDonald,  199. 
a.  Changes  effected. 

r.  Treatment  of  the  Indians. 

Fisher,  Penna.,  ch.  vii;  Sharpless,  1-16,  45,  58-62,  129-182. 

1.  The  Indians  of  Pennsylvania. 

2.  The  Great  Treaty  and  Penn's  policy. 

Hart,  I,  No.  162;  Lib.  of  Am.  Lit,  II,  227. 

3.  The  "Walking  Purchase,"  1737. 

I.  The  Growth  of  the  Colony. 

1.  The  variety  of  races  represented. 

Fisher,  Making  of  Penna.,  chs.  iv-viii;  Sharpless,  186-197;  Fiske,  II, 
348-356- 

a.  The  English  and  Welsh  Quakers. 

b.  The  Germans. 

Kuhns,  German  &  Swiss  Settlements  of  Penna.;  Bittinger,  The 
Germans  in  Colonial  Times;  Proceedings  of  the  Penna. -German 
Soc.,  vols.  vii-ix. 

1.  Causes  for  emigration. 

2.  The  early  comers,  various  sectaries,  1683-. 

Hart,  I,  No.  163. 

3.  The  great  emigration,  1709-1776. 

a.  Palatines. 

Hart,  II,  No.  29. 

b.  The  Reformed  and  Lutheran. 

4.  The  Redernptioners. 

Geiser,  Redemptioners  and  Indentured  Servants  in  Penna. 

c.  The  Scotch-Irish. 

Hanna,  The  Scotch-Irish  in  America,  II,  ch.  iv. 

2.  The  Areas  settled  by  the  different  races. 

3.  The  political  relations  and  influence. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  66 

The  Province  after  Penn's  departure. 

Fisher,  Penna.,  35-65;  Sharpless,  66-83. 

1.  Disturbance  in  the  colony  to  1693. 
a.   Causes  and  attempted  remedies. 

2.  A  Royal  Colony.     (1693-1694.) 

a.  Penn  deprived  of  his  authority  and  placed  on  trial. 

b.  Gov.  Fletcher  and  the  Assembly. 

3.  The  Restoration  of  Penn's  authority. 
a.   Changes  in  the  government. 

i.   Markham's  Frame,  1696. 

Poore,  II,  1531;  Penna.  Charter  &  Const.,  245;  MacDonald,  217. 

10.  The  Return  of  Penn  and  his  Last  Acts  in  the  Colony,  1699-1701. 
i   The  Charter  of  Privileges,  1701. 

Poore,  II,  1536;  MacDonald,  224. 
a.   Its  chief  provisions. 

1.  Release  of  the  "Territories."     (Delaware.) 

Hart,  II,  No.  27. 

2.  The  Legislative  Body,  Unicameral. 

a.  Its  powers. 

b.  The  reappearance  of  the  Council. 

3.  The  rights  of  prisoners. 

4.  Liberty  of  conscience. 

5.  Provision  for  amendment. 

11.  Penn's  Difficulties  and  Last  Years. 

Sharpless,  90-108. 

1.  Hostility  of  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Colonel  Quarry. 

2.  Financial  troubles. 

a.  Ford's  frauds  and  Penn's  imprisonment.     1707. 

3.  Partisan  politics  in  the  Colony. 

a.  The  Proprietary  party  and  James  Logan. 

b.  The  Popular  party  and  David  Lloyd. 

c.  The  resolutions  of  1704  attacking  Penn. 

d.  Penn's  disappointment. 

4.  Projected  sale  of  the  Province  to  the  Crown.     1703-12. 

5.  His  illness  and  death.     1712-18. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  67 

12.  Continuous  Struggle  between  the  Proprietary  Interests  and  the 
Assembly  to  the  Revolution. 

Sharpless,  chs.  vi-x. 

1.  Financial  Questions. 

a.  Governor's  Salary. 

b.  Restriction  upon  paper  money  issues. 

c.  Taxation  of  the  Proprietary  estates. 

2.  Secret  Instructions. 

3.  War  measures  and  appropriations. 

a.  The  demands  of  the  Crown  and  Quaker  conscience. 

b.  Withdrawal  of  Quakers  from  Assembly  in  1756. 

4.  Selfishness  of  the  Proprietaries  arouses  the  Colonists. 

a.  Assembly  appeals  to  the  Crown,  1757. 
i.  Franklin's  mission  and  its  success. 

b.  Agitation  for  a  Crown  Colony,  1757-1764. 

5.  Parties  and  Local  Divisions. 

Lincoln,  The  Revolutionary  Movement  in  Penna.,  chs.  i-iii. 

a.  The  Quaker  Assembly. 

b.  The  friction  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  Counties. 

1.  Differing  Indian  Policy. 

2.  Unequal  representation. 

3.  The  Scotch-Irish  vs.  the  Quaker. 

4.  The  political  influence  of  the  Germans. 

5.  Results  as  affecting  the  Revolutionary  contest. 

XXVI.  INSTITUTIONAL  LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  COLONIES. 

*Bib.  Lodge,  Eng.  Colonies,  chs.  xiii,  xvii;  Fiske,  II,  chs.  xv-xvii;  Earle,  Colonial 
Days  in  Old  New  York;  Fisher,  Men,  Women  and  Manners;  Scott,  Development 
of  Constitutional  Liberty,  ch.  vi:  Bndd,  Colonial  Legislature  in  Penn.,  1700-1712. 

x.  Chief  Characterists. 

1.  Little  that  was  distinctive  in  institutions. 

2.  Diversity  of  population,  very  marked. 

3.  Variety  in  institutional  life  and  customs. 

2.  Local  Government :  "  The  Mixed  Systems." 

Fiske,  Civil  Government,  78-79;  Howard,  Local  Const.  Hist,  102- 
ii?»   358-364,    368-387;    Holcomb,    Penna.    Boroughs,  J.   H.   U 
Studies,  Vol.  IV,  No.  iv. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  68 

1.  The  chief  difference  between  local  institutions  in  New  York 

and  Pennsylvania. 

2.  Influence  upon  the  West. 

Religion. 

Cobb,  301-361,  399-417,  440-453- 

1.  In  New  York. 

a.  Under  the  Dutch. 

b.  Under  the  English. 

2.  New  Jersey. 

a.  Puritan  and  Quaker  influence. 

b.  No  established  church. 

3.  In  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

a.  Religious  freedom. 

b.  The  test  acts. 

Still4,  in  Penna.  Hist.  Mag.,  IX,  188-220. 

c.  Various  sects  and  influences. 

Hart,  II,  No.  97,  p.  278. 

4.  In  General. 

a.  Toleration  for  Protestants  by  end  of  I7th  century. 

b.  Laws  against  Romanists. 

Educational  Facilities  and  Attainments. 

Fisher,  Penn,  ch.  viii;  Boone,  Education  in  the  U.  S. 

1.  New  York. 

a.  Schools  established  under  the  Dutch. 

b.  Extent  and  influence. 

c.  Under  the  English. 

2.  Pennsylvania. 

Sharpless,  197-207. 

a.  No  general  system. 

b.  Early  schools  in  Philadelphia  and  vicinity, 
i.   First  medical  school  in  America.     1765. 

c.  The  beginnings  of  the  Univ.  of  Penna.,  1740-1749. 

d.  Scientific  and  Literary  activities. 

1.  American  Philosophical  Society.     1769. 

2.  Literary  facilities. 

3.  Early  newspapers.     1719-1739. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  69 

3.    Compare  with  New  England  and  the  South. 

5.  Industrial  Life  and  Occupation. 

Wright,  Industrial  Evolution  of  the  U.  S.,  chs.  ii,  iii,  vi-viii;  Hart, 
II,  Nos.  25,  28. 

1.  Agriculture,  favored  by  physical  conditions. 

2.  Manufacturers. 

3.  Foreign  Commerce,  extensive. 

4.  Indented  servants. 

Geiser,  Redemptioners  and  Indentured  Servants  in  Penna.;  Hart, 
II,  No.  105. 

5.  Slavery. 

a.  Extent. 

Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Papers,  V,  337. 

b.  Early  Protests  against  Slavery,  1688,  1737. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  102,  106;  Lib.  of  Am.  Lit,  III,  78,  84. 

6.  Social  Life. 

1.  Social  classes:  degree  of  separation. 

2.  Houses  and  furnishings. 

3.  Dress  and  customs. 

4.  Social  gatherings  and  pastimes. 

XXVII.   FRENCH  EXPLORATION  AND  COLONIZATION 

AFTER  1600. 

x.  Early  Settlements  in  Canada  and  the  North. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  89;  Winsor,  America,  IV,  103;  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France 
in  the  New  World;  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac;  Bourinot's  Story  of  Canada, 
chs.  ii-vi;  Hart,  Contemporaries,  I,  Nos.  39-41. 

i.    Revival  of  French  activity  in  America  at  opening  of  the  XVII. 
Century. 

a.  Causes. 

b.  De  Monts  in  Acadia:  1603-04. 

Parkman,  Pioneers,  245-257. 

c.  Cham  plain's   Explorations:    New  England,   1604;  Quebec, 

1608;  Lake  Champlain,  1609;  Lake  Huron,  1615. 

Higginson,  Explorers,  269-278. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  JQ 

d.  English    capture    and    restore    the     French     settlements. 

1629-32. 

e.  Growth  of  the  French  colonies. 

a.  French  Exploration  of  the  Interior. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  90-91;  Bryant  &  Gay,  II,  499-553;  Ban- 
croft, U.  S.,  Ill,  109-174;  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  ch.  ii; 
Parkman,  La  Salle  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West;  Winsor, 
Cartier  to  Frontenac;  Winsor,  The  Mississippi  Basin;  Winsor, 
America,  IV,  chs.  v-vi;  Moore,  The  Northwest  under  Three  Flags, 
ch.  i;  Bourinot,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  Hart,  I,  Nos.  42-43,  II,  Nos.  109-111. 

1.  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan  discovered,  by  1635. 

2.  Joliet  and  Marquette  discover  the  Mississippi:  1673. 

Thwaites,  Marquette;  Hart,  I,  No.  42. 

3.  Hennepin  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony:  1680. 

4.  La  Salle  explores  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.     1681. 

Hart,  I,  No.  43. 

a.  Attempt  to  settle  and  his  death.     1684-87. 

5.  Iberville  and  Bienville  in  Mobile  Bay  and  the  Lower  Missis- 

sippi: Biloxi:   1699-1701. 
Hamilton,  Colonial  Mobile. 

6.  New  Orleans  founded:  1717. 

King,  New  Orleans,  Place  and  People. 

7.  "  The  Chain  of  Forts." 


XXVIII.  RIVALRY  OF  THE  FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH:  THE 
STRUGGLE  FOR  POSSESSION. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  131-132;  Winsor,  America,  V,  407,  490;  Parkman,  Frontenac 
and  New  France,  208-285,  335-387;  Parkman,  A  Half  Century  of  Conflict;  Park- 
man, Montcalm  and  Wolf;  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac;  Sloane,  The  French 
War  and  the  Revolution,  chs.  iii-ix;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  ch.  ii;  Froth- 
ingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  I,  84-94,  I3I~I57;  Johnson,  the  Old  French  Wars; 
Drake,  The  Border  Wars  of  New  England;  Winsor,  The  Mississippi  Basin;  II ins- 
dale,  The  Old  Northwest,  chs.  iii-v;  Moore,  chs.  ii-v;  Hart,  II,  Nos.  112,  117,  120, 
123-129;  Bourinot,  Story  of  Canada,  chs.  xiv — xviii;  Bourinot,  Canada,  ch.  i.;  Fiske, 
New  France  and  New  England. 

i.  General  Causes  of  Rivalry. 

i.    Character  and  interests  of  the  French  and  English  nations. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  7! 

2.  Opposite  tendencies  and  character  of  their  colonists. 

3.  The  Government  and  Administration  of  the  French  Colonies. 

Morris,  Hist,  of  Colonization,  I,  360-384;  Hart,  II,  No.  112;  Bourinot, 
Canada,  27-36;  Bourinot,  Story  of  Canada,  ch.  xi. 

4.  Geographical  relations. 
a.  Colonial  Extension. 

1.  French  plans  and  policy. 

2.  Gov.  Dongan  of  N.  Y.  tries  to  block  French  extension  westward. 

3.  English  confined  to  the  seaboard. 

3.  The  Inter-Colonial  Wars. 

Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XI,  421;  New  Eng.  Mag.,  XXI,  567. 

1.  King  William's  War:  1690-1697.     (William  and  Louis  XIV.) 

a.  Immediate  causes:  Struggle  for  Acadia  and  New  France. 

b.  Strength  of  combatants. 

c.  Chief  events. 

d.  Results.     Peace  of  Ryswick. 

MacDonald,  222. 

2.  Queen  Anne's  War:  1702-1713.     (Spanish  Succession.) 
#.,  £.,  c.,  d.^  as  above,     e.  Peace  of  Utrecht 

MacDonald,  229. 

3.  King  George's  War:  1744-48.     (War  of  Austrian  Succession.) 
#.,  £.,  c.,  d.,  as  above,     e.  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

MacDonald,  251. 

4.  The  French  and  Indian  War:  1754-1763.     (The  Seven  Years' 

War.) 

Bradley,  The  Fight  with  France  for  North  America. 

a.  Causes    in    America.      Struggle    for    the    Mississippi  and 

Louisiana. 

1.  The  French  claim:  The  Ohio  Valley. 

2.  The  Virginia  claims  to  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

3.  Preliminaries  to  the  contest. 

b.  Field  of  operations  and  leading  events. 

c.  Peace  of  Paris:  1763. 

MacDonald,  261;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  5. 

i.  Geographical  results.     France  abandons  the  continent 
a.  Territory  ceded  by  France  to  England. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  73 

b.  Territory  ceded  by  France  to  Spain. 

c.  Territory  ceded  by  Spain  to  England. 

5.  Results  of  the  Struggle. 

a.  On  the  political  and  social  institutions  of  America. 

b.  On  the  relations  of  the  Colonists  to  England  and  each  other. 

c.  On  the  World's  history. 

6.  England's  organization  of  the  ceded  territory. 
a.   Proclamation  of  1763. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  5. 

1.  Province  of  Quebec. 

2.  East  and  West  Florida. 

3.  Atlantic  Colonies  confined  to  seaboard  by  proclamation. 

Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  ch.  viii;  Winsor,  The  Westward  Move- 
ment; Channing,  Student's  History,  136-138. 

4.  Comparison:    England's   Colonial   Policy  with   that  of 

France  and  Spain. 

Morris,  Hist,  of  Colonization;  Moses,  Spanish  Rule,  chs.  ii,  xi, 
xii. 

XXIX.  PLANS  OF  UNION  AMONG  THE  ENGLISH 

COLONIES. 

*Bib.  Carson,  One  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Const,  of  the  U.S.,  II,  439-503; 
Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  83-95;  110-121, 132-151;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  I,  185- 
211;  Fisher;  Evolution  of  the  Const.,  ch.  vi;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  Nos.  7,  14;  Am. 
Hist.  Studies,  No.  3;  Preston,  146,  176. 

x.  The  New  England  Confederation. 

See  Ante,  p.  44. 

a.  Joint  Indian  Treaty  Conventions  and  Congresses.     1684-1751. 
i.    Gov.  Dongan  of  N.  Y.  calls  first.     1684.     Nine  in  all. 

3.  Leisler's  Convention.     1696. 

4.  William  Penn's  Plan  of  Union:  1697. 

5.  Plans  of  Board  of  Trade. 

1.  Plans  between  1660-1697. 

2.  Report  of  1697. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  73 

6.  D'Avenant's  Plan  :  1698. 

7.  "A  Virginian's  Plan:"  1701. 

8.  Livingston's  Plan  :  1701. 

9.  Board  of  Trade's  Plan  :  1721. 

10.  Coxe's  Plan  :  1722. 

11.  Kennedy's  Plan:  1751. 

12.  Dinwiddie's  Plan  :  1754. 

13.  Summary  of  the  above  plans. 

1.  Democratic  plans,  local  self-government  preserved. 

2.  Royalists'  plans,  centralization. 

3.  Reason  for  non-action:  Community  of  interests  unappreciated. 

14.  The  Albany  Convention  :  1754. 

Egerton,  British  Colonial  Policy,£i7O-i86;  Fiske,  Old  Vkginia,  II, 
377-382;  Winsor,  VI,  65-67;  and  as  above. 

1.  Occasion  for  the  call  of  the  Congress. 

2.  Colonies  represented. 

3.  Franklin's  Plan:  Debated:  Adopted,  July  n. 

MacDonald,  253;  Preston,  176. 

4.  Chief  features  of  plan  adopted. 

a.  New  and  important  principles  embodied. 

5.  Rejection:  Why  objectionable  to: 

a.  The  English  Government. 

b.  The  Colonial  Assemblies. 

Hart,  II,  No.  125. 

6.  Contemporaneous  plans:  1754. 

a.  Hutchinson's  Plan  in  Mass.  Assembly. 

b.  Plans  of  Lords  of  Trade. 

15.  Elements  of  Union  or  Disunion. 

i.    Difficulties  of  Union :  Wide  separation  and  differences  in  inter- 
est and  institutions. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  74 

2.    Conditions  favorable  to  Union:  Community  of  interests  and 
relations  to  Mother  country. 

Scott,  Reconstruction  during  the  Civil  War,  chs.  iii-iv  ;  Crane  and 
Moses,  Politics,  ch.  ix. 

XXX.    THE   ENGLISH    COLONIES   TO   THE   MIDDLE  OF 
THE  XVIII.  CENTURY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  133,  146-148;  Thwaites,  ch.  xiv;  Hart,  Formation  of  the 
Union,  ch.  i;  Channing,  The  United  States,  ch.  i;  Sloane,  French  War  and  Rev., 
ch.  ii;  Ashley,  The  Amer.  Fed.  State,  43-65;  Eggleston,  The  Transit  of  Civilization; 
Lodge,  Colonies;  Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Const.;  Wilson,  The  State,  sees.  832-862; 
Schouler,  Const.  Studies,  9-28;  Wright,  Industrial  Evolution  of  the  U.  S.,  chs.  ii, 
iii,  vi-viii;  Bancroft,  IV,  ch.  vi;  Smith,  The  Thirteen  Colonies,  2  vols. 

i.  Social,  Economic  and  Moral  Conditions  and  Institutions. 

1.  Population:  Races  and  distribution. 

a.  Social  conditions  and  classes. 

b.  Westward  extension. 

Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  ch.  xvii;  Hart,  II,  Nos,  134-137. 

c.  The  new  immigrants  and  the  frontier. 

2.  Economic  conditions:  Variety  of  employment. 

a.  Labor  systems:  Slaves  and  White  Servants. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  105-108. 

b.  The  Slave  Trade  and  the  Royal  African  Company. 

Collins  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1900,  141-192;  Bancroft,  III, 
ch.  xxiv. 

c.  Methods  of  exchange:  Trade  and  currency. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  88,  89. 

d.  Land  Systems. 

3.  Religion  and  Toleration. 

a.  Religious  status  of  the  different  colonies. 

b.  Degree  of  toleration  granted. 

4.  Intellectual  Life. 

Eggleston,  Transit,  117-129,  ch.  v;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist,  of  the  Colonies. 

a.  Educational  standards  and  opportunities. 

b.  Colonial  literature. 

5.    Peculiar  Laws  and  Punishments. 

Earle,  Curious  Punishments  of  By-Gone  Days. 

a.  Based  on  English  precedent. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  yr 

b.  Paternalistic  character. 

c.  Sumptuary  laws  and  laws  regulating  prices. 

d.  Punishments  and  treatment  of  criminals. 

e.  Late  survivals  of  certain  punishments. 

a.  Summary  of  the  Political  Institutions. 

1.  Nature  and  types  of  Colonial  Government 

Hart.  II,  No.  50. 

a.  Charter:  (Corporations.) 

b.  Proprietary  Province. 

c.  Royal  Province. 

2.  Departments  of  Government:  Division  of  Powers. 

a.  The  Executive:  Governor,  assisted  by  Council.     (See  post, 

p.  80.) 

b.  The  Legislative:  Nearly  all  Bi-cameral. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  61-68. 

c.  The  Judiciary. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  69-74. 

d.  Relation  between  the  Departments. 

3.  Suffrage  and  Qualifications  for  Office. 

Bishop,  Hist,  of  Elections;  McKinley,  Hist,  of  the  Suffrage  (Univ. 
of  Pa.  Pub.);  Miller,  Qualifications  for  Office,  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc. 
Rept.,  1899,  I,  89-105. 

4.  Political  Methods. 

Becker  on  Nominations  and  Party  Machinery  in  Colonial  New  York, 
Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  vi,  260-275;  vii,  56-76;  Lincoln,  The  Revolu- 
tionary Movement  in  Penna. ;  Schaper,  Sectionalism  and  Repre- 
sentation in  S.  Ca.,  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept,  1900,  I,  245-353, 

5.  Types  of  Local  Government. 

Hart,  II,  Nos,  75~79- 

6.  Principles  of  Government. 

a.  Colonial  method  of  representation:  Triumph  of  localism. 

b.  Power  of  the  Representatives  of  the  People. 

c.  Contrast  with  English  Political  Development 

Ashley,  64,  65. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAIy  HISTORY.  76 

XXXI.  RELATION  OF  ENGLAND  TO  HER  COLONIES: 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  ORGANS  OF 

COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

*  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  the  Revolt  of  the  Colonies,  2  vols. ;  Egerton,  British 
Colonial  Policy,  Bks.  I  and  II;  Greene,  Provincial  Governor;  Osgood  in  Pol.  Sci. 
Quar.,  II,  440-460;  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Repts.,  1898,  66-72;  Crane  &  Moses,  ch.  viii; 
Lecky,  England  II,  pp.  1-21;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  13-28;  Story, 
Commentaries.  \\  169-170;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  I,  1-19. 

x.  Prior  to  the  Restoration-     1606-1660. 

Egerton,  Bk.  I,  chs.  ii,  iii ;  Bk.  II,  ch.  i;  Kaye,  J.  H.  U.  Studies, 
XVIII,  307-316- 

1.  Relations  with  Virginia  under  James  I.  (see  ante.  pp.  16-18.) 

a.  1606.     Under  the  Charter.     King  and  Special  Council. 

b.  1609-23.     King  and  Privy  Council. 

c.  1623-24.     Special  Commissions. 

2.  Under  Charles  I. 

a.  1625.     Proclamation  of  the  King.     Ante,  p.  19. 

b.  1631.     New  commission  for  better  plantation  and  governing. 

Hazard,  I,  312-314;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  I,  130. 

c.  1634,  1636.     Archbishop  Laud  and  others  form  a  permanent 

governing  board. 

Cal.  of  State  Papers,  I,  177,  232;  Hutchinson,  Mass.,  I,  502. 

1.  Chief  object,  religious  uniformity. 

2.  Supervision  of  emigration,  1637. 

Hart,  I,  No.  183. 

3.  Proceedings  against  Massachusetts.     Ante,  p.  45. 

3.  Under  Long  Parliament  and  Commonwealth. 

a.  1643.     Parliamentary   Board    of   Commissioners:    Earl    of 

Warwick. 

Hazard,  I,  533. 

b.  Parliamentary  Joint  Commission :  A  Council  of  State. 

Hazard,  I,  533;  Gardiner's  Documents,  261. 

1.  Relations  with  Virginia  and  Maryland.    Ante,  pp.  20,  27. 

2.  With  New  England.     Ante,  p.  45. 

c.  Cromwell's  policy. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  77 

i.   Schemes  of  colonization. 

Strong,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1898,  79. 

4.    Results:  No  system  of  supervision  permanently  established: 
Practical  independence  of  the  Colonies. 

a.  From  the  Restoration  to  the  English  Revolution.     1660-1688. 

Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England,  123-125;  Egerton,  Bk.  II,  chs. 
ii,   iii;  New  York  Col.   Doc.,  Ill,  xiii-xvii,  30-36,  229,  230;  IV, 

146-148. 

I.    Period  of  Experiments. 

a.  1660,  July  4.     Committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 

b.  1600,  Nov.  7.     Council  of  Trade. 

c.  Council  for  Foreign  Plantations. 

1.  1660,  Dec.  i.     Established. 

Hart,  I,  No.  184;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  I,  492,  493. 

2.  1670,  1671.     Reorganized. 

Cal.  of  State  Papers,  III,  178;  Palfrey,  III,  32,  33. 

d.  1672-1674.     Councils  of   Trade  and   Foreign   Plantations 

united. 

i.  Abolished  in  1674. 
Egerton,  98,  99. 

e.  1675-1696.     Committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 

Cal.  of  State  Papers,  1675-76,  171;  Palfrey,  III,  275. 

1.  Again  given  charge  by  Charles  II. 

2.  Continued  under  James  II.  and  William  III.  to  1696. 
2.    Tendencies  and  Results. 

a.  Efforts  to  enforce  religious  uniformity  abandoned. 

b.  Era  of  Proprietary  Grants  under  Charles  II.  to  stimulate 

colonization. 

c.  Acts  of  Trade  and  attempted  enforcement. 

d.  James   II.  inaugurates  policy  of  consolidation  and   direct 

administration. 

3.  From  the    English    Revolution  to    the    American    Revolution. 

1689-1775. 

Egerton,  Bk.  II,  chs.  iv,  v;  Bancroft,  III,  100-108,  389-396;  IV,  in 
passim. 

i.    The  Imperial  Organs  of  Government. 
a.  The  King. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  78 

b.  The  Privy  Council. 

c.  The  Secretary  of  State  for  Southern  Department. 

d.  Commissioners  of  the  Treasury. 

e.  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty. 

f.  Bishop  of  London. 

g.  Subordinate    Commissioners  and    Agents:    The   Board  of 

Trade,    Survey  or- General    of    the    Customs,    Surveyor- 
General  of  the  Woods,  etc. 
h.  The  Parliament. 

2.  Their  Respective  Functions  and  Relations. 

3.  The  Board  of  Trade. 

a.  Established,  May  15,  1696. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  IV,  145-148;  Hart,  II,  No.  46. 

b.  Its  composition  and  functions. 

1.  An  advisory  and  administrative  bureau. 

2.  Its  importance  and  activity. 

3.  Typical  examples  of  its  work. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  67,  89. 

4.  The  King  and  Parliament. 

a.  The  effect  of  the  Revolution  of  1688-89  on  the  position  of 

each. 

Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  ix. 

b.  Parliamentary  Legislation. 

1.  Commercial  Legislation.     Post,  p.  80. 

2.  General  Legislation:  Typical  Acts. 

a.  Act  for  punishment  of  Colonial  Governors.     1700. 

b.  Regulation  of  the  value  of  foreign  coin.     1708. 

c.  Colonial  Post  Office  Act.     1710. 

Wooley,  Colonial  Post  Office;  Fiske,  Old  Va.,  373~375- 

d.  Act  for  Recovery  of  debts.     1732. 

e.  Regulation  of  naturalization,  1739,  1756,  1761. 

f.  Prohibiting  issue  of  paper  money,  1740,  1750,  1760, 

1763. 

g.  Regulating  apprenticeships.     1767. 

5.  Appeals  from  Colonial  Courts  to  the  Privy  Council. 

Hazeltine,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1894,  310-322;  Story,  I,  123, 
126-128;  Lecky,  III,  321;  Thayer,  Cases  in  Const  Law,  I,  34. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  79 

a.  Precedents  and  Practice:  Regulation  Act  of  1689. 

b.  Opposition  to. 

c.  Important  typical   cases:    Winthrop    vs.   Lechmere,    1728. 

Phillips  vs.  Savage,  1738.     Clark  vs.  Tousey,  1742. 

d.  Influence  upon  later  American  constitutional  law. 
6.    Ecclesiastical  Relations. 

Cross,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1896, 1,  231-241;  also  Monograph 
in  Harvard  Historical  Studies;  Cobb,  The  Rise  of  Religious  Liberty 
in  America,  ch.  viii. 

a.  Jurisdiction  first  vested  in  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

b.  Later  in  Bishop  of  London. 

c.  Connection  and  administration. 

d.  "Commissary"  or  special  agents. 

e.  Society  for  Propagation  of  the  Gospel:  Its  efforts. 

f.  Ecclesiastical  functions  of  Royal  Governors. 

g.  Schemes  to  secure  Colonial  Bishops. 

1.  Why  desired. 

2.  Reasons  for  opposition  to. 

3.  A  contributing  cause  of  the  Revolution. 

Chamberlain,  John  Adams  and  the  Rev.,  19-44. 

4.  Extension  of  Imperial  Control  over  the  Colonies. 

Egerton,  Bk.  II,  chs.  iv,  v;  Chalmers,  I,  302,  342,  412,  413 ;  II,  5,  6, 
37,  38,  43- 

I.    Attack  upon  the  Charter  and  Proprietary  Colonies. 

a.  Early  recommendations  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  1701,  1705, 


b.  Their  memorials  neglected. 

c.  Bill  against  introduced  in  Parliament,  1720. 

d.  Defence  of  the  Charters  by  Jeremiah  Dummer,   Agent  of 

Mass.     1721. 

Hart,  II,  No.  48  ;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xi ;  Palfrey.  IV,  335,  336, 
486-489;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist,  of  Colonies,  II,  116-120. 

e.  Report  of  the  Board  of  Trade.     1721. 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  V,  591-629. 

f.  By  1729  eight  Royal  Colonies. 

g.  Colonial  Agencies  in  England :  Their  effectiveness. 

Tanner,  in  Pol.  Sci.  Quar.,  XVI,  24-49. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  80 

Royal  and  Proprietary  Officers  in  the  Colonies. 

1.  The  Governor. 

Greene,  The  Provincial  Governor;  Hart,  II,  Nos,  53-60. 

a.  Character  of  appointees  and  method  of  appointment. 

b.  Importance  of  Commission  and  Instructions. 

c.  Multiplicity  of  powers  and  difficulty  of  position. 

d.  Quarrels  with  the  Assemblies:  Typical  cases. 

Greene,  chs.  viii-x. 

2.  The  Council. 

a.  Administrative  and  Legislative  functions. 

b.  Judicial  functions. 

3.  Other  Administrative  and  Judicial  Officers. 

a.  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

b.  Custom  officers. 

c.  Admiralty  officers. 


6.  England's  Commercial  and  Industrial  Colonial  Policy.  ^ 

1.  The  Mercantile  System:  The  Colonial  Policy  of  the  Age. 

2.  Restrictions  upon  Commerce. 

Beer,  chs.  i-iii,  vi,  vii;  Egerton,  Bk.  II,  chs.  iv,  v;  Cunningham,  n, 
284-286,  292-294,  326-333;  Lecky,  III,  3*4-336. 

a.  The  Navigation  Acts. 

Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  19;  MacDonald,  106,  no,  119, 168. 

1.  Object:  Commercial  monopoly. 

2.  Chief  features. 

3.  Early  administration. 

4.  Change  in  customs  administration,  1672. 

5.  Activity  of  Randolph. 

Mem.  of  Ed.  Randolph.     (Prince  Soc.  Pub.) 

b.  The  Act  of  Trade,  1696. 

MacDonald,  212;  Hart,  II,  No.  45. 

1.  First  systematic  attempt  to  enforce  the  Acts.     1696-1713. 

2.  Difficulties  of  administration. 

See  Mem.  of  Randolph;  Letters  of  Col.  Quary,  Penna.  Mag.  of  Hiat, 
April,  1900,  XXIV,  61-80;  Hart,  II,  No.  34. 

-  c.  The  Molasses  Act  of  1733. 

MacDonald,  248. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  8! 

d.  Why  not  resisted  prior  to  1760. 
i.  Lax  enforcement:  Smuggling. 

Hart,  II,  No.  87;  Ashley,  Surveys  Historic  and  Economic,  336-360; 
Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.  I,  127-134. 

3.  The  Effect:  Were  the  Acts  injurious  or  beneficial? 

Ashley,  op.  cit,  309-335;  also  in  Quar.  Jour,  of  Economics,  XIV, 
1-29;  Channing,  in  Amer.  Antiquarian  Soc.  Proc.,  OcL,  1889. 

4.  Restraints  upon  manufactures. 

Beer,  ch.  iv;  Ashley,  320-328. 

a.  Wool  and  woolen  goods:  1699,  Z738- 

b.  Hat  trade  and  apprentices:  1732. 

c.  Iron  manufactures:  1719,  1750. 

5.  Encouragement  of  the  production  of  naval  stores. 

Lord,  Industrial  Experiments  in  the  British  Colonies;  Beer,  ch.  v. 

*  6.    Taxation  for  Revenue. 

a.  Revenue  provisions  of  the  early  charters. 

b.  Tariffs  and  trade  regulations  of  the  Colonies. 

Hill,  in  Quar.  Jour,  of  Economics,  VII,  90 ;  Fisher,  in  Papers  of 
Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Ill,  467. 

c.  Taxes  levied  by  Parliament. 

1.  Tonnage  and  Poundage.     1660. 

2.  Plantation  Duties.     1672. 

3.  Collectors  of  Revenue  sent  out.     1676. 

4.  Systematic  efforts  to  collect  revenues.     1696-1713. 

d.  Suggestions  of  Revenue  Taxes. 

Bancroft  (last  rev.),  II,  246,  251-253,  411-418,  443,  458,  532. 

1.  Gov.  Nicholson  of  Virginia.     1695. 

2.  The  Lord  Treasurer  after  Queen  Anne  War.     1713. 

3.  Early  suggestions  of  a  Stamp  Duty. 

a.  Ex-Governor  Keith.     1728. 

Hart,  II,  No.  49;  Penna.  Hist.  Mag.,  XII,  29. 

b.  London  Merchants.     1739. 

c.  Dr.  Douglas.     1749. 

4.  Board  of  Trade  proposes  import  taxes. 

5.  Conference   of  Colonial   Governors  propose  stamp  and 

import  duties.     1755. 

M  6.  Change  in  principle  from  commercial  monopoly  to  one 
for  revenue.     1765. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  82 

7.  The  Rights  and  Duties  of  the  Colonists  as  Englishmen. 

1.  The  Common  Law  rights:  How  far  applicable? 

Reinsch,  The  Eng.  Common  Law  in  the  Early  Amer.  Colonies 
(Univ.  of  Wis.  Bulletin,  No.  31.) 

2.  Charter  rights:  How  far  valid? 

3.  Colonists'  conception  of  their  rights. 

Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xi;  Hart,  II,  No.  47. 

4.  Objection  to  English  Imperial  System. 

8.  Increasing    divergence    between    American    and   English    ideas 

and  institutions. 

1.  Engendered  by  separation  and  physical  conditions. 

2.  By  different  social,  economic  and  political  conditions. 

3.  By  the  diffusion  of  the  spirit  of  freedom  and  democracy  in  the 

colonies. 

,  4.    The  result:  the  breach  constantly  widening  and  separation  but 
a  question  of  time. 


INTER-COLONIAL  UNION  AGAINST  ENGLAND:  1760-1776. 
STRUGGLE  FOR  THE  RIGHTS  OF  ENGLISHMEN. 

XXXII.     THE  INAUGURATION   OF   THE  NEW  COLONIAL,* 

POLICY. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.  Guide,  sec.  134;  Frothingham,  ch.  v;  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xii;  Winsor, 
America,  VI,  ch.  i;  Channing,  The  United  States,  41-56;  Fiske,  The  Am.  Rev.,  I, 
11-27;  Egerton,  British  Colonial  Policy,  187-204;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  I,  29-59;  Wood- 
burn,  Causes  of  the  Am.  Rev.,  J.  H.  U.  Studies,  X,  553;  Sloane,  French  War  and 
Rev.,  chs.  x-xii;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  ch.  ii;  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams. 

i.  The  New  Issue  in  Constitutional  Government. 
/T..   George  III.  idea  of  government. 

Hart,  II,  No.  130 ;  Fiske,  I,  38-45  ;  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist,  XXVIII, 
431- 

a.  In  England. 

b.  In  the  Colonies. 

^2,.    The  Enforcement  of  the  Navigation  Acts. 
a.  Means:  Writs  of  Assistance. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  83 

1.  Nature  and  legality. 

2.  James  Otis'   Argument  against  their  legality  and  pre- 

sentation of  the  "Rights  of  the  Colonies." 

Hart,  II,  No.  131  ;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  159,  160  ;  Tudor's  Life  of 
Otis,  ch.  vi;  Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  Revolution,  I,  30-52; 
Thayer,  Cases  on  Const.  Law,  I,  48-55  ;  Hosmer,  Life  of  Thos. 
Hutchinson,  chs.  iii-v;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  I,  29-31. 

3.  Later  writings  of  Otis,  and  source  of  his  argument. 
a.  Locke,  "  Essay  on  Government." 

3.    The  "Parson's  Cause:"   1763. 

Hart,  II,  No.  37. 

a.  Patrick  Henry's  speech:  attacks  King's  veto  power. 

Tyler,  Patrick  Henry,  ch.  iv. 

v  2.  Gren villa's  threefold  policy. 

1.  Rigid  enforcement  of  the  Navigation  Acts. 

a.  Changes  in  the  Acts:  Sugar  Act,  April  5,  1765. 

MacDonald,  272. 

b.  Machinery  for  execution. 

c.  Effect:  trade  injured  and  colonists  irritated. 

2.  Maintenance  of  a  Standing  Army  in  the  Colonies. 

a.  Quartering  Act,  April,  1765. 

MacDonald,  306. 

b.  Ostensible  cause:  Pontiac's  Conspiracy. 

c.  Real  cause:  Prevention  of  resistance  by  the  colonists. 

3.  Taxation  of  the  Colonies. 

a.  Precedents  and  Suggestions.     Ante,  81. 

b.  Reason  for  the  proposed  taxes  :  Justice  of  colonial  taxation. 

c.  Grenville  proposes  stamp  duties  :  March  9,  1764. 

Hart,  II,  No.  133. 

d.  Colonists  protest,  but  suggest  no  alternative. 

e.  The  Stamp  Act  passed:  March  22,  1765. 

MacDonald,  281;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  21. 

i.  Reception  in  the  Colonies  :  Methods  of  resistance. 

a.  Popular  meetings  and  mob  violence. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  139,  140. 

b.  Organization  of  Sons  of  Liberty  and  inauguration  of  a 

boycott  of  English  goods. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  84 

c.  Action  by  the  Colonial  Assemblies. 

1.  Virginia:  Henry's  resolutions:  May  30,  1765. 

Frothingham,  180. 

2.  Massachusetts:  Call  for  a  Colonial  Congress:  June  6. 

3.  Response  of  the  other  colonies. 
d.  The  Stamp  Act  Congress:  1765. 

1.  Character  and  authority. 

2.  Its  Work  :  Declaration  of  Rights  :  Oct.  19. 

MacDonald,  313 ;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xii ;  Hart,  II,  No.  141 ; 
Preston,  188. 

3.  Results:  a.  Precedent  established. 

b.  Unites  and  intensifies  common  interests. 
2.  The  Stamp  Act  Repealed  :  1766. 

Hart,  II,  No.  144. 

a.  Franklin's  Examination  in  House  of  Commons. 

Hart,  II,  No.  143;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  158,  159. 

b.  Pitt's  speech. 

Hart,  II,  No.  142;  Adams,  British  Orations,  I,  98. 

c.  The  Declaratory  Act. 

MacDonald,  316;  Windsor,  America,  VI,  32. 

d.  Results  of  the  controversy. 

Frothingham,  189,  190,  193. 


XXXIII.    THE  REVENUE  CONTROVERSY :  COERCION 
versus  ACTIVE  RESISTANCE,  1767-1774. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sees.  135,  136;  Frothingham,  chs.  vi-ix ;  Winsor,  America,  VI, 
39-41;  Fiske,  Am.  Rev.,  I,  28-98;  Lecky,  ch.  xii;  Egerton,  205-233;  Thorpe,  U.  S., 
I,  59-108;  Channing,  United  States,  56-71;  Lodge,  ch.  xxiii;  Woodburn,  Causes  of 
the  Revolution;  Sloane,  chs.  xii-xiv;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  28-68;  Tyler, 
Literary  History  of  the  Rev.;  Trevelyan,  The  Amer.  Rev.  I,  chs.  i-v,  in  passim. 

i.  Political  Theories  as  to  the  Relation  of  the  Colonies  to  England. 

Bancroft,  V,  chs.  xxi,  xxii;  Sloane,  chs.  x-xii;  Channing,  U.  S.,  28- 
40;  Johnson's  U.  S.  History  and  Const.,  35-39;  Chamberlain,  in 
John  Adams  and  The  Rev.,  137-165;  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Papers,  III, 
52-74;  and  as  above. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  85 

.    English  Theories. 

a.  Moderate  view :  Pitt. 

Hart,  II,  No.  142;   Hall,  Chatham's  Colonial  Policy,  Amer.  Hist. 
Rev.,  V,  659-675. 

b.  Government  view:  Mansfield,  the  Crown  lawyer. 

Adams,  British  Orations,  I,  150. 

American  or  Colonial  Theories. 

a.  General  opinion :  No  internal  taxation  without  representa- 

tation. 

1.  Representation  and  Franchise  in  England  and  America. 

2.  Virtual  and  actual  representation. 

b.  Views  of  the  extreme  radicals:  Samuel  Adams. 

2.  Conflict  of  the  Two  Theories. 

I.    The  Townshend  Acts:  June  29,  1767. 

MacDonald,  320-330. 

a.  Reorganization  of  the  Colonial  Customs  Service. 

1.  Board  of  Revenue  Commissioners. 

2.  Writ  of  Assistance  legalized. 

b.  Coercion  of  the  Colonial  Legislatures. 

i.  Attack  upon  the  New  York  Assembly. 

MacDonald,  317. 

c.  New  Revenue  Duties:  External  taxes. 

Hart,  II,  No.  145. 
i.  Reception  of  these  measures. 

a.  Change  in  Colonial  Doctrine  to  "No  legislation  with- 

out representation: "  Gradual  acceptance  of  the  radi- 
cal views  of  Adams. 

b.  The  "Farmer's  Letters"  of  Dickinson. 

Hart,  II,  No.  149;  Tyler,  Lit.  History,  I,  234-238;  Dickinson's 
Writings,  I,  167-173;  275. 

c.  ' '  Sons  of  Liberty ' '  and  non-importation  societies. 

Tyler,  ch.  xi. 

d.  Massachusetts  circular  letter:  Feb.  n,  1768. 

MacDonald,  330;  Mace,  Manual,  151. 

i.  Mass,  commanded  to  rescind  and  other  Assemblies 
ordered  to  ignore  it. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  86 

2.  The  Colonists  refuse  to  obey  this  order. 
e.  The  Virginia  Resolutions  of  May  16,  1769. 

MacDonald,   334;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xiii;  Frothingham, 
232-37. 

2.   Non-importation  forces  partial  repeal  of  these  measures. 
2.    Drifting  into  Revolution. 

1.  The  quartering  of  troops  and  the  "  Boston  Massacre:  "  1770. 

Hale,  II,  No.  151. 

2.  Burning  of  the  "Gaspee,"  1772. 

3.  Committee  of  Correspondence  organized. 

a.  Local  Committees  proposed  by  Mass.,  1772. 

b.  Colonial  Committees  proposed  by  Virginia:  March  12, 

1773- 

MacDonald,  336;  Frothingham,  280. 

4.  Resistance  to  Tea  Importation:  "  Boston  Tea  Party,"  1773. 

Hart,  II,  No.  152;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  68. 

5.  England  retaliates  :  Attempt  to  coerce  Massachusetts:  1774. 

a.  "The  Intolerable  Acts." 

MacDonald,  337-356. 

b.  The  Quebec  Act. 

Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  141;   Coffin,  The  Quebec  Act;  Moore, 
ch.  vi;  Bourinot,  Canada,  44-49. 

c.  Mass,  sustained  by  the  other  Colonies, 
i.  Jefferson,  u  Summary  View." 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  n. 

6.  Massachusetts  calls  a  Continental  Congress,  June  17,  1774. 

Chamberlain,  John  Adams  and  the  Rev.,  19-35,  44-96;  Frothingham, 

330-332,  359-373- 
a.  The  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  5,  1774. 

Hart,  II,  No.  153. 

1.  Its  composition. 

2.  Its  work. 

a.  Supports  Mass.     The  Suffolk  resolves  and  its  reply 

to  the  same. 

Mace,  Manual,  172-178. 

b.  Declaration  of  Rights,  Oct.  14,  1774. 

MacDonald,  356;  Preston,  192. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  87 

c.  The  American  Association. 

MacDonald,  362;  Preston,  199;  Hart,  II,  No.  154;  Ford,  in  Pol. 
Sci.  Quar.,  VI,  613. 

d.  Its  ultimatum. 

e.  Provision  for  another  Congress. 
3.  Its  Effect 

a.  In   America  :    Sentiment  of  union  and  resistance 

strengthened. 

b.  In   England  :    King    commands    more   repressive 

measures    against    Mass.       Conciliatory    policy 
fails. 

MacDonald,  367. 

c.  The  issues  joined. 

7.  The  Massachusetts  Provincial   Congress   assembles.     Oct., 

I774- 
a.  Organizes  for  resistance. 

Frothingham,  392-398. 

8.  New  England  Restraining  Act.     March  30,  1775. 

MacDonald,  368. 

9.  The  Battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord.     April  19,  1775. 

Hart,  II,  No.  191. 

XXXIV.   STRUGGLE  FOR  THE  RIGHTS  OF  MAN:  ORIGIN 
AND  GROWTH  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  137  ;  Frothingham,  chs.  x-xi ;  Thorpe,  I,  109-165;  Sloane, 
chs.  xvi-xix;  Fiske,  American  Revolution,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv;  Lecky,  ch.  xiv;  Higgin- 
son,  Larger  History,  249-293  ;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  70-106;  Sabine, 
Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution ;  Channing,  United  States,  ch.  iii. 

I.  The  Second  Continental  Congress.     May  10,  1775. 
Hart,  II,  No.  185. 

a.  Its  nature  and  composition. 

b.  Its  authority  examined.     "  A  head  without  a  body." 

c.  Necessity  of  organization  leads  it  to  assume  sovereign  powers. 

1.  Organizes  an  Army  and  Navy. 

2.  Declares  war. 

3.  Issues  continental  currency. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  88 

4.  Establishes  Treasury  and  Post  Office  Departments. 

5.  Advises  the  colonies  to  institute  provisional  governments. 

6.  State  papers  issued  July,  1775. 

MacDonald,  374-389. 

d.  Strength  of  the  government  during  the  war. 

2.  Origin  and  Growth  of  Independence.  Transition  from  the  Struggle 
for  the  Rights  of  Englishmen  to  that  for  the  Rights  of  Man. 

1.  Promoted  by  American  institutions  and  training. 

2.  Sentiments  of  independence  born:  Early  predictions. 

Frothingham,  245,  343,  349,  369,  402,  428,  437,  442,  443. 

3.  Americans  refute  the  charge. 

4.  Attitude  of  New  England  and  its  leaders. 

5.  Attitude  of  the  Middle  and  Southern  Colonies. 

Frothingham,  465-467,  483. 

6.  The  King's  course  promotes  it. 

MacDonald,  389-396. 

a.  Refusal  to  receive  petition. 

b.  Colonists  proclaimed  rebels:  Aug.  23. 

c.  Trade  and  intercourse  with  America  prohibited :  Dec.  22. 

d.  Mercenary  troops  hired. 

7.  Independence  Impending. 

Winsor,  America,  VI,  ch.  iii;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist,  of  Rev.,  I,  ch.  xarii. 

a.  The  "Mecklenburg  Declaration:"  May  15,  1775. 

Frothingham,  422-429;  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XXI,  31,  221. 

b.  The  attitude  of  Congress  during  the  winter  of  1775-76. 

c.  "Common  Sense,"  by  Thos.  Paine,  Jan.,  1776. 

Tyler,  I,  452-74;  Hart,  II,  No.  186. 

d.  Action  of  Colonial  Assemblies,  April,  1776-May  15,  1776. 

e.  Action  of  Congress. 

1.  John  Adams'  motion:  May  15. 

2.  Lee's  motion:  June  7. 

3.  Vote  postponed:  Reasons. 

4.  Procedure  upon  Independence. 

5.  Jefferson  and  the  Declaration. 

Tyler,  I,  ch.  xxiii;  Hart,  II,  No.  188;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  II. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  gg 

6.  Adoption  of  the  Declaration,  July  4. 

MacDonald,  Doc.  i;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xiv;  Preston,  210. 

7.  Strength  of  the  indictment. 

Friedenwald,  in  International  Monthly,  July,  1901. 

8.  Political  Doctrines  of  the  Declaration:  Source. 

Fisher,  Yale  Rev.,  II,  403;  Ritchie,  Pol.  Science  Quar.,VI,  656; 
Channing,  U.  S.,  85-8?. 

9.  Signing  of  the  Declaration. 

Chamberlain,  John  Adams,  etc.,  99-133. 

8.  Justification  of  the  Revolution. 

3.  The  Treatment  of  the  Loyalists. 

Van  Tyne,  The  Loyalists  in  the  Amer.  Rev;  Hart,  II,  Nos.  166-169; 
Bourinot,  Canada,  76-86;  Bourinot,  Story  of  Canada,  ch.  xxi; 
Tyler,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  I,  24. 

1.  Number  and  activity. 

2.  Laws  of  the  various  States  against  them. 

3.  Administration  of  these  laws. 

4.  Emigration  and  subsequent  history. 

XXXV.    THE  TRANSITION  FROM  COLONIAL  TO  COM- 
MONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS. 

*  Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  143 ;  Jameson,  Constitutional  Convention,  sees.  125-158 ; 
Thorpe,  Hist,  of  Amer.  People,  I,  chs.  iii-v;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  1, 169-184;  Fiske,  Criti- 
cal Period,  ch.  ii;  Frothingham,  421,  428,  441-451,  481,  482,  491-493,  561-568;  Web- 
ster, Annals  of  Am.  Academy,  IX,  380;  Morey,  Annals,  IV,  201;  Hildreth,  U.  S., 
Ill,  374-395;  Schouler,  Const.  Studies,  29-69;  Small,  J.  H.  Univ.  Studies,  VIII,  i; 
Chamberlain,  Yale  Review,  II,  248;  Bancroft,  U.  S.,  IX,  428-434. 

1.  The  Colonial  Governments  in  1775. 

1.  Legal  relation  to  England. 

2.  Provisional  Governments. 

2.  The  Advice  of  Congress  sought  and  followed. 

Jameson,  sees.  127,  128;  Gushing,  Transition  from  Provisional  to 
Commonwealth  Government  in  Mass.,  161-164;  Journal  of  Cong., 
I,  215,  219,  260;  II,  158,  166. 

3.  Formation  of  the  State  Constitutions  of  the  Revolutionary  Period. 

Bib.  Mass:  Gushing,  as  above;  New  York,  Dougherty,  Pol.  Science 
Quar.,  Ill,  489;  Penna.,  Ford,  Pol.  Science  Quar.,  X.,  426;  Hard- 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  go 

ing,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Reports,  1894,  371;  Maryland,  Silver,  J.  H.  U. 
Studies,  XIII,  No.  x;  New  Jersey,  Elmer  in  Proc.  of  N.  J.  Hist. 
Soc.,  II,  133-153;  New  Hampshire,  Hart,  II,  No.  186. 

1.  Mode  of  formation  and  ratification. 

Borgeaud,  Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Consts.,  137-145. 

2.  Leading  Features. 

a.  Source  and  general  character:  selection  and  preservation  of 

colonial  institutions. 

b.  Bills  of  Right:  Origin  and  general  nature:  Influence. 

c.  Legislative  Department. 

1.  Form:  Bi- or  Uni-cameral ;  Name;  Term;  Qualifications. 

2.  Powers:  Very  extensive. 

d.  Executive  Department. 

1.  Form  :  Governor  or  Executive  Board  ;  Election  ;  Term ; 

Qualification ;  Councils. 

2.  Powers:  Degree  given:  Very  limited. 

e.  Judiciary  Department. 

1.  Form:  Selection;  Term;  System  of  Appeals. 

2.  Powers:  Extent.     Lacked  security  and  independence. 

f.  Suffrage:  Property  and  Religious  Qualifications. 

g.  Relation  between  Church  and  State. 
h.  Amendment:  Provision  for. 

i.  Defects. 

3.  Relation  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 

a.  Sovereignty  of  the  States. 

b.  Is  the  Union  older  than  the  States  ? 

XXXVI.    FORMATION  OF  THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDER- 
ATION :   NATIONALISM   Versus  PARTICULARISM. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  142;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  ch.  iii;  Frothingham,  561-577; 
Thorp,  U.  S.,  I,  212-242;  Hildreth,  III,  139,  266,  395-398;  Curtis,  Hist,  of  the  Const., 
I,  53,  114-149,  or  (new  ed.),  I,  36,  86,  72,  87-103;  Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Const.,  I,  ch.  i; 
Landon,  Const.  History,  42-62;  Lalor,  I,  575,  II,  932;  Story,  Com.,  sees.  222-243; 
Bancroft,  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  243-44,  260,  316-17,  V,  10-15,  199-208,  284,  454~55, 
508;  Jameson,  Const.  Conventions,  sees.  158-162;  Schouler,  Const.  Studies,  Part  II, 
ch.  iii. 

i.  Formation  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
i.    Nature  of  Federal  Government. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  gx 

Plans  before  the  Continental  Congress. 

a.  Galloway's  Plan:  1774. 

Frothingham,  367-68;  Fisher,  238-39;  Tyler,  I,  369-383. 

b.  Franklin's  Plan:  1775. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  20. 

c.  Committee  appointed  uto  prepare  the  form  of  a  confedera- 

tion."   June  n,  1776. 

d.  Report  Dickinson's  Draft,  July  12,  1776. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  20. 

i.  Compare  with  Franklin's  plan. 
Debate  on  the  Dickinson  Draft. 

a.  Apportionment  of  taxes. 

b.  Apportionment  of  representation:  Slave  representation. 

Hart  II,  No.  189. 

c.  Question  of  the  Public  Lands. 

d.  Powers  of  Congress  and  the  States. 

e.  Difficulties  of  framing  an  acceptable  plan. 

1.  Triumph  of  "  Particularism  "  by  1777. 

2.  Decline  of  the  character  of  Congress. 

Hart,  II,  No.  190. 

The  Articles  of  Confederation. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  20;  Preston,  219;  Mac-Donald,  Select  Docu- 
ments, 6;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xv. 

a.  Agreed  to  by  Congress,  Nov.  15,  1777. 

b.  Genesis  of  the  Articles:  Foreign  precedents. 

Friedenwald,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1896,  228-230. 

c.  Analysis  of  the  Articles. 

1.  Nature:   " A  League  of  Friendship." 

2.  Radical  error  at  basis:  Doctrine  of  sovereignty. 

3.  Powers  of  the  Congress  over: 
#.   Foreign  Affairs. 

b.  Domestic  Affairs. 

4.  Prohibitions  upon  the  States. 

5.  Defects: 

a.  In  Form. 

b.  In  Powers  granted. 

c.  In  means  to  enforce  Powers. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  03 

5.  Ratification. 

a.  Opposition  to  ratification.     Small  States  call  for  cession  of 

Western  Claims.     (See  post,  p.  93.) 

b.  L,ast  States  ratify: 

1.  New  Jersey,  Nov.  20,  1778. 

2.  Delaware,  Feb.  i,  1779. 

3.  Maryland,  Jan.  30,  1781. 

Hart,  II,  No.  205;  Curtis,  I,  89-94. 

c.  Articles  go  into  effect:  March  i,  1781. 

Hart,  II,  No.  209. 

6.  Organization  of  the  Government  under  the  Articles. 

C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  149. 

a.  The  Congress:  Membership;  Attendance;  Methods  of  trans- 

acting business;  The  President  of  Congress. 

Hart,  II,  No,  190. 

b.  Executive  Boards  and  Heads  of  Departments:  Committee  of 

States. 

Jameson,  Essays,  156-185. 

c.  Courts  of  Arbitration  and  Appeals. 

Jameson,  Essays,  1-45. 


XXXVII.  PROBLEMS  CONFRONTING  THE  CONGRESS  OF 
THE  CONFEDERATION. 

i.  Foreign  Relations. 

1.  The  French  Alliance. 

C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  139;  Hart,  II,  Nos.  199-204. 

2.  The  Treaty  of  Peace. 

*C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  141  ;  Sparks,  sec.  36  ;  Fiske,  Critical  Period, 
ch.  i ;  L,ecky,  England,  ch.  xv;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  89-184; 
Winsor,  The  Westward  Movement,  ch.  xii;  Hale,  Franklin  in 
Paris,  II;  Pellew,  John  Jay;  chs.  vii-viii;  Sloane,  ch.  xxix;  Hins- 
dale,  Old  Northwest,  ch.  x. 

a.  The  negotiations  at  Paris  in  1782. 

1.  The  American  Commissioners. 

2.  The  Rivalry  of  Fox  and  Shelburne. 

3.  Jay's  suspicions  of  France  and  Spain. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  93 

4.  The  "Preliminary  Articles"  signed:  Nov.  30,  1782. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  216-217. 

b.  The  Definitive  Treaty:  The  Second  Treaty  of  Paris.     Sept 

3,  *783. 

MacDouald,  Select  Documents,  15. 

1.  Boundaries. 

2.  The  Loyalists. 

3.  The  Debts. 

4.  The  Fisheries. 

c.  Difficulty  of  carrying  out  the  Treaty: 

a.  With  Great  Britain. 

Fiske,  119-133,  138-142  ;  Mclaughlin,  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rep., 
1894,  413. 

b.  With  Spain. 

1.  Over  the  Southern  Boundary. 

Hinsdale,  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Reports,  1893,  339;  Ibid.,  1897,  177. 

2.  Over  the  Navigation  of  the  Mississippi. 

Fiske,  208. 

3.  Difficulty  of  Forming  Treaties  with  Foreign  Nations. 
(See  Commercial  Relations,  post,  p.  95) 

2.  Land  Cessions  and  The  North- West  Ordinance. 

1.  Origin  of  the  National  Domain. 

*Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  150  ;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  xii- 
xiii ;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  ch.  v;  Thorpe,  U.  S.,  I,  239-241, 
257-262;  Adams,  J.  H.  U.  Studies.  Ill,  i;  Donaldson,  Public 
Domain,  59-88;  Towle,  Hist,  of  Const.  351-360;  Winsor,  America, 
VII,  527;  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  22. 

a.  The  Claims  of  the  States. 

b.  Basis  of  these  claims. 

c.  Cause  of  the  delay  in  the  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Con- 

federation: Maryland's  Action,  1777-1781. 

d.  The  Northwest  Cessions. 

1.  New  York,  March  i,  1781. 

2.  Virginia,  March  4,  1784. 

3.  Massachusetts,  March  13,  1784. 

4.  Connecticut,  Sept.  19,  1786.     (1800.) 

2.  The  Administration  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  94 

a.  The  Fundamental  Resolution  of  Congress.     Oct.  10,  1780. 

b.  Jefferson's  Ordinance  of  1784. 

c.  King's  futile  attempt  at  anti-slavery  restrictions:  1785. 

d.  Land  Ordinance  of  1785. 

e.  Various  reports  and  suggestions  of  Committees:  1786-87. 
3.    The  Ordinance  of  1787. 

*MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  21  ;  Hill,  Liberty  Doc.,  ch.  xvi; 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  xiv-xv  ;  Stone,  in  Penna.  Mag.  of 
Hist.,  XIII,  309;  Poole,  North  Am.  Rev.,  CXXII,  229-265;  and  in 
Papers  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Ill,  277-300;  Cutler,  Life  of  Manasseh 
Cutler,  I,  ch.  viii ;  Lalor,  Cyclopaedia,  III,  30-34;  Winsor,  The 
Westward  Movement,  ch.  xiv;  and  as  above. 

a.  The  immediate  occasion  for  its  passage. 

1.  The  financial  straits  of  the  Confederacy. 

2.  The  Ohio  Company. 

3.  The  Agency  of  Manasseh  Cutler. 

b.  The  Authorship  of  the  Ordinance. 

c.  The  Nature  of  the  Ordinance.    July  13,  1787. 

1.  The  Government  of  the  Territory. 

2.  The  "unalterable  compact"  with  the  future  States. 

a.  Free  soil. 

b.  Religious  freedom. 

c.  Support  and  encouragement  of  Common  Schools. 

d.  Civil  liberty. 

e.  Admission  of  New  States. 

d.  The  Results  of  the  Ordinance. 

1.  On  the  growth  and  settlement  of  the  West 

2.  On  the  Slavery  contest:  immediate  and  remote. 

Financial  Problems. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  sec.  151;  Sumner,  History  of  American  Cur- 
rency, 43-57;  Sumner,  Financiers  and  Finances  of  the  Am.  Rev.; 
McMaster,  U.  S.,  I,  139-144,  187-200,  221-295,  356-570;  Thorpe,  I, 
246-256,  264-279;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  163-177,  218-220. 

i.    The  Financial  System. 

a.  Situation  during  the  Revolution. 

Hart,  II,  Nos.  207,  210. 

b.  Provisions  of  the  Articles. 

c.  Failure  of  the  system  of  Requisitions. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  QC 

2.  Attempt  to  Amend  the  Articles. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  28. 

a.  Five  per  cent,  amendment,  1781:  Defeated  by  Rhode  Island. 

Bates,  in  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Rept.,  1894,  351. 

b.  The  Revenue  Scheme,  1783:  Defeated  by  New  York. 

3.  Financial  Difficulties  in  the  States. 

a.  Era  of  Paper  Money:  Trevett  vs.  Weeden. 

4.  Financial  Status  in  1787-89. 

Elliot's  Funding  System. 

Commercial   Relations. 

Bib.  C.  &  H.,  Guide,  153;  Fiske,  134-163;  Frothingham,  583-587; 
Curtis,  Const.,  I,  276-290,  285-286;  McMaster,  U.  S.,  I,  cha.  iii,  iv; 
Thorpe,  I,  279-288. 

1.  Foreign  Commerce. 

a.  Difficulty  of  negotiating  treaties. 

b.  Difficulty  of  enforcing  treaties. 

c.  Great  Britain's  discrimination  against  our  trade. 

d.  Commerce  Amendment  proposed  to  coerce  Foreign  Nations, 

1784:  Failed. 

Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  No.  28. 

2.  Domestic  Commerce. 

a.  "War  of  Imposts"  between  the  States. 

b.  Commercial  Conventions:  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

Failure  and  Impending  Anarchy:  "  The  Critical  Period."   1786-87. 

1.  The  Growing  Impotence  of  Congress. 

a.  Lack  of  authority,  coercive  power  and  a  fixed  policy. 

b.  The  States  heedless  of  Congress. 

2.  Friction  between  the  States:  Danger  of  sectional  unions. 

3.  Internal  Disorders  within  the  States:  Universal  Discontent   • 
a.  Shay's  Rebellion. 

4.  The  failure  to  amend  the  Articles. 
a.  Suggests  fundamental  revision. 

5.  The  Problem  before  the  Country:  One  or  Thirteen? 


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